Activated pectin-containing biomass compositions and products

ABSTRACT

Methods for producing an activated pectin-containing biomass composition are provided. The method includes (A) mixing a starting pectin-containing biomass material having an insoluble fiber component and an insoluble protopectin component with an aqueous solution of an alcohol to form a mixture; (B) activating the starting pectin-containing biomass material to form an activated pectin-containing biomass material having the insoluble fiber component and a soluble pectin component by subjecting the starting pectin-containing biomass material to (i) an activating solution formed by adding acid to the mixture to adjust the pH of the mixture within the range from at or about 0.5 to at or about 2.5 and (ii) heat to a temperature greater than at or about 40 degrees Celsius; and (C) applying mechanical energy either (i) to the mixture of step A), (ii) during the activating of step B), or (iii) to the mixture of step A) and during the activating of step B); and (D) separating the activated pectin-containing biomass material from the mixture; wherein during the method the alcohol present in the mixture is at or greater than about 40 weight percent based on the total weight of the mixture. Activated pectin-containing biomass compositions are also provided.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional application of co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/892,639, filed on Feb. 9, 2018, now U.S. Pat.No. 10,287,366, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional ApplicationSer. No. 62/459,136, filed on Feb. 15, 2017, the disclosures of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derivedfrom plants. The consumption of foods high in fiber has been found toreduce appetite. Dietary fiber is made up of soluble and insolublefiber. Soluble fiber, which dissolves in water, is readily fermented inthe colon into gases and physiologically active byproducts and can beprebiotic and viscous. Insoluble fiber, which does not dissolve inwater, is either metabolically inert and provides bulking or can beprebiotic and metabolically fermented in the large intestine.

Dietary fibers can act by changing the nature of the contents of thegastrointestinal tract and by changing how other nutrients and chemicalsare absorbed. Some types of soluble fiber absorb water to become agelatinous, viscous substance which is fermented by bacteria in thedigestive tract. Some types of insoluble fiber have bulking action andare not fermented. Lignin, a major dietary insoluble fiber source, mayalter the rate and metabolism of soluble fibers. Other types ofinsoluble fiber, notably resistant starch, are fully fermented.

Chemically, dietary fiber consists of non-starch polysaccharides such asarabinoxylans, cellulose and many other plant components such asresistant starch, resistant dextrins, inulin, lignin, waxes, chitins,pectins, beta-glucans, and oligosaccharides. A novel position has beenadopted by the US Department of Agriculture to include functional fibersas isolated fiber sources that may be included in the diet. The term“fiber” is something of a misnomer, since many types of so-calleddietary fiber are not actually fibrous.

Food sources of dietary fiber are often divided according to whetherthey provide predominantly soluble or insoluble fiber. Plant foodscontain both types of fiber in varying degrees, according to the plant'scharacteristics.

Advantages of consuming fiber are the production of healthful compoundsduring the fermentation of soluble fiber and insoluble fiber's ability(via its passive hygroscopic properties) to increase bulk, soften stool,and shorten transit time through the intestinal tract.

Often dietary fiber compositions are used in the food or consumerproduct industry for their functional properties that includeviscosifying, water absorbing, bulking, emulsifying and even gellingproperties. The addition of a functional dietary fiber can providetextural benefits, nutritional benefits, and in some cases simplerlabels replacing less consumer friendly options.

Some plants contain pectin as the soluble fiber component. Pectin is apolysaccharide useful as a colloidal in many applications such as foodproducts, beverages, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, anddetergents. Typically, pectin is commercially recovered in its watersoluble form from a pectin-containing biomass material by extraction.

Unfortunately, the pectin extraction process is often harsh resulting inthe degradation of the quality of pectin measured as intrinsicviscosity. Pectin with a higher intrinsic viscosity is often desirablebecause high intrinsic viscosity indicates that the extracted pectin iscloser to its original state in the raw material and therefore has notbeen degraded during the extraction process. From a cost optimizationperspective, the extraction process should be designed to extract thegreatest amount of pectin available from plants, but pectin yield isoften limited in exchange for pectin quality. Further, processing ofplants is also challenging due to the proclivity of pectin to bind withwater.

Thus, there remains a need for providing a dietary fiber frompectin-containing plants that can be processed with ease and retain bothsoluble and insoluble fiber components with high quality properties.

SUMMARY

It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a method forproducing an activated pectin-containing biomass composition from astarting pectin-containing biomass material, the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition, and a product comprising such anactivated pectin-containing biomass composition. This can be achieved bythe features as defined by the independent claims. Further enhancementsare characterized by the dependent claims. It has now surprisingly beenfound that a starting pectin-containing biomass material comprisinginsoluble protopectin and insoluble fiber (e.g. cellulosic fiber fromcitrus peel) can be treated with an activating solution comprising analcohol and an acid under certain conditions and exposed to a certainamount of mechanical energy under non-laminar flow to transform theinsoluble protopectin to soluble pectin in situ and to partiallyfibrillate a portion of the cellulosic fibers into fibrils. The resultis an activated pectin-containing biomass composition containing thesoluble pectin component and the insoluble fiber component interactingto form an open network providing for a final composition with increasedapparent viscosity and water binding characteristics and a high ratio ofsoluble pectin to insoluble fiber. Further, the soluble pectin componentthrough this treatment becomes soluble in water, i.e. cold water, andmay be extracted without adding heat, thus overcoming some of thedisadvantages related to traditional methods of extracting pectin from apectin-containing biomass material.

Methods for producing an activated pectin-containing biomass compositionare provided, such as methods in which citrus peel is the startingpectin-containing biomass material and the resulting activatedpectin-containing biomass composition has a coil overlap parameter of ator about 2 or greater. The methods include (A) mixing a startingpectin-containing biomass material comprising an insoluble fibercomponent and an insoluble protopectin component with an aqueoussolution of an alcohol to form a mixture; (B) activating the startingpectin-containing biomass material to form an activatedpectin-containing biomass material comprising the insoluble fibercomponent and a soluble pectin component by subjecting the startingpectin-containing biomass material to (i) an activating solution formedby adding acid to the mixture to adjust the pH of the mixture within therange from at or about 0.5 to at or about 2.5 and (ii) heat to atemperature greater than at or about 40 degrees Celsius; and (C)applying mechanical energy either (i) to the mixture of step A), (ii)during the activating of step B), or (iii) to the mixture of step A) andduring the activating of step B); and (D) separating the activatedpectin-containing biomass material from the mixture; wherein during themethod the alcohol present in the mixture is at or greater than about 40weight percent based on the total weight of the mixture.

Activated pectin-containing biomass compositions are also providedcomprising an insoluble fiber component of cellulosic material and asoluble pectin component. When produced from citrus fruit as thestarting pectin-containing biomass material, the activatedpectin-containing biomass compositions have a coil overlap parameter ofat or about 2 or greater.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The accompanying drawings illustrate presently exemplary embodiments ofthe disclosure and serve to explain, by way of example, the principlesof the disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a graph with data plotted fromenergy Table 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of a graph with data plotted fromenergy Table 2 according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Activated pectin-containing biomass compositions described hereininclude an insoluble fiber component and a soluble pectin component. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass compositions are derived fromstarting pectin-containing biomass material (i) that is combined with anactivating solution and subjected to heat of greater than at or about 40degrees Celsius for activation and (ii) to which mechanical energy isapplied either before activation, during activation or in bothinstances; wherein throughout the method the alcohol is present in themixture at or greater than about 40 weight percent based on the totalpercent of the mixture. This results in improved processing andfunctionality as compared to pectin-containing biomass compositionsderived from starting pectin-containing biomass material without beingsubjected to activation and mechanical energy.

Much of the pectin in the starting pectin-containing biomass material isin the form of protopectin (i.e., insoluble pectin having a very highdegree of esterification (DE) that is unavailable) that must behydrolyzed to become functional. By mixing a starting pectin-containingbiomass material with an activating solution containing alcohol and acidand applying heat (i.e. activating or activation), the protopectin canbe hydrolyzed without degrading or extracting the resulting pectin, andtherefore results in an activated pectin-containing biomass compositionhaving significantly more soluble pectin than would otherwise beavailable using conventional methods. Furthermore, applying mechanicalenergy to the starting pectin-containing biomass material, either beforeor during contact with the activating solution or in both instances, hasbeen found to advantageously enable a greater amount of protopectin tobe hydrolyzed and therefore results in the formation of greater amountsof water soluble pectin. The pectin-containing biomass compositionscomprise a soluble pectin component with improved functionality, such ashigher intrinsic viscosity and higher pectin yield, and an insolublefiber component with improved functionality, such as higher waterbinding capacity.

Activated Pectin-Containing Biomass Compositions

The properties of the activated pectin-containing biomass compositionmay be characterized by the coil overlap parameter of the composition,which is a means to evaluate the quality and quantity of the pectinwithin the activated pectin-containing biomass composition. That is, thecoil overlap parameter may be used to indicate the functionality of theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition. As used herein, thecoil overlap parameter is determined by the following formula:Coil Overlap Parameter=IV_(pectin)×Pectin Recovery,wherein the IV_(pectin) is the intrinsic viscosity of the pectinextracted from the activated pectin-containing biomass composition, andthe pectin recovery is the amount of pectin extracted from the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition divided by the total amount ofactivated pectin-containing biomass composition. Thus, the unit of coiloverlap parameter is dl/g. The intrinsic viscosity and pectin recoveryof the pectin each may be measured using any suitable method, such asfor example, the methods as described herein.

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition can have a coiloverlap parameter of at or about 2 or greater, particularly when usingcitrus fruit as the starting pectin-containing biomass material. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition can have a coil overlapparameter from at or about 2 to at or about 4.5. The activatedpectin-containing biomass composition can have a coil overlap parameterfrom at or about 2.5 to at or about 4.5. The activated pectin-containingbiomass composition can have a coil overlap parameter from at or about3.5 to at or about 4.5. The activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition can have a coil overlap parameter from at or about 4.0 to ator about 4.5. Further, the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition can have a coil overlap parameter of 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4,2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9,4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, or 4.7. The activatedpectin-containing biomass composition of this disclosure may have a coiloverlap parameter value between any of these recited coil overlapparameter values.

When the activated pectin-containing biomass composition is derived fromother pectin-containing materials such as apples, Jerusalem artichokesor beets, the coil overlap parameter varies according to the amount ofnatural protopectin available for conversion to soluble pectin. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition when using a startingpectin biomass material selected from apple, Jerusalem artichoke or beetcan have a coil overlap parameter within the range of at or about 0.5 toat or about 2.0. Further the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition can have at least about 300 percent greater than that of acoil overlap parameter of the starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial.

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition can have an apparentviscosity from at or about 150 mPa·s to at or about 3500 mPa·s whenmeasured in aqueous solution at a temperature of 25° C. and pH 4.0 usinga Brookfield Viscometer as disclosed in Protocol 2 herein, particularlywhen using citrus fruit as the starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial. The apparent viscosity can be from at or about 250 mPa·s to ator about 3100 mPa·s, from at or about 350 mPa·s to at or about 3100mPa·s, from at or about 500 mPa·s to at or about 3100 mPa·s, from at orabout 600 mPa·s to at or about 3100 mPa·s, from at or about 800 mPa·s toat or about 3100 mPa·s, from at or about 1000 mPa·s to at or about 3100mPa·s, from at or about 1200 mPa·s to at or about 3100 mPa·s, from at orabout 1500 mPa·s to at or about 3100 mPa·s, from at or about 2000 mPa·sto at or about 3100 mPa·s, and from at or about 2500 mPa·s to at orabout 3100 mPa·s. The activated pectin-containing biomass composition ofthis disclosure also may have an apparent viscosity between any of theserecited viscosity values.

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition can have a waterbinding capacity from at or about 14 g/g to at or about 27 g/g. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition can have a water bindingcapacity from at or about 18 g/g to at or about 27 g/g. The waterbinding capacity of the activated pectin-containing composition can befrom at or about 20 g/g to at or about 27 g/g.

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition can have a pH of atleast at or about 2.5. For example, the activated pectin-containingbiomass composition may have a pH from at or about 2.5 to at or about5.5, from at or about 2.6 to at or about 5.0, from at or about 2.7 to ator about 4.5, or from at or about 3.5 to at or about 4.5.

By activating the starting pectin-containing biomass material to becomethe activated pectin-containing biomass composition, protopectin can beconverted to its readily soluble form of pectin in situ. The methods asdescribed below do not remove the natural pectic substances present inthe starting pectin-containing biomass material. In some variations,substantially no pectin is extracted from the starting pectin-containingbiomass material of the mixture during the activating step. As usedherein, “substantially no pectin is extracted” means that less than 1%of the pectin in the starting pectin-containing biomass material isremoved during the activating step. Not wishing to be bound by anytheory, it is believed that the use of the alcohol during the activatingstep prevents the pectin from leeching out of the startingpectin-containing biomass material, thereby allowing for a greateramount of pectin to be recovered—i.e., improve pectin yield. Thisresults in an activated pectin-containing biomass composition that isnot only highly functional, but also closer to nature, resulting in aminimally processed product.

The pectin component can be present in the activated pectin-containingbiomass composition in an amount from at or about 20% to at or about 45%by weight of the activated pectin-containing biomass composition. Thepectin component can be present in an amount from about 30% to about 45%by weight of the activated pectin-containing biomass composition. Thepectin can be present in an amount from at or about 40% to at or about45% by weight of the activated pectin-containing biomass composition.The pectin component can be present in an amount of about 20%, about25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, or about 45% by weight of theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition. Further, the pectincomponent may also be present in the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition of this disclosure at an amount in a range between any ofthese recited values.

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition has a residual sugarcontent as measured in Protocol 4 of less than about 30% by weight ofthe activated pectin-containing biomass composition. Using a startingpectin-containing biomass material that has been alcohol washed, asfurther described below, washes out the sugar and improves therefore thequantity and quality of the pectin component in the activatedpectin-containing biomass material. The residual sugar content can befrom about 3% to about 30% by weight of the activated pectin-containingbiomass composition. The residual sugar content can be about 3%, about4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%,about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 21%, about 22%, about23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%,or about 30%. Further, the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition of this disclosure may also have a residual sugar contentvalue between any of these recited residual sugar content values.

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition can be dried into adry particulate form. This dry particulate form can be milled, whichturns the activated pectin-containing biomass composition into a powderform suitable for handling, for example adding to a food product.

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition may not be dried,but be present undissolved in the mixture in which the material wasactivated. Such would typically but not always be utilized when pectinwithin the activated pectin-containing biomass composition were to beextracted. Such extraction can be made by separating the alcohol andmore or less water from the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition. The separated alcohol may be re-used in subsequentproduction of activated pectin-containing biomass compositions.Alternatively, the activated pectin-containing biomass composition maybe extracted without separating alcohol and more or less water from theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition.

Methods

In one or more exemplary embodiments, methods produce activatedpectin-containing biomass compositions with various characteristics asdescribed above. One technical effect of the methods is that theresulting activated pectin-containing biomass composition has aninsoluble fiber component with a fibrous open network structure and apectin component in situ of a high quality and a high content. Themethod produces an activated pectin-containing biomass composition froma starting pectin-containing biomass material. The method comprises thefollowing steps: A) mixing a starting pectin-containing biomass materialcomprising an insoluble fiber component and an insoluble protopectincomponent with an aqueous solution of an alcohol to form a mixture; B)activating the starting pectin-containing biomass material to form anactivated pectin-containing biomass material comprising the insolublefiber component and a soluble pectin component by subjecting thestarting pectin-containing biomass material to (i) an activatingsolution formed by adding acid to the mixture to adjust the pH of themixture within the range from at or about 0.5 to at or about 2.5 and(ii) heat to a temperature greater than at or about 40 degrees Celsius;C) applying mechanical energy either (i) to the mixture of step A), (ii)during the activating of step B), or (iii) to the mixture of step A) andduring the activating of step B); and D) separating the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition from the mixture; wherein duringthe method the alcohol present in the mixture is at or greater thanabout 40 weight percent based on the total weight of the mixture.

The starting pectin-containing biomass material is a non-activatedpectin-containing biomass material that includes an insoluble fibercomponent and insoluble protopectin (i.e. pectin in its insoluble form).Non-limiting examples of pectin-containing biomass material includecitrus fruit and/or its peel (such as orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit,pomelo, oroblanco and tangerine), apple pomace, grape pomace, pearpomace, quince pomace, fodder beet, sugar beet, sugar beet residue fromsugar extraction, sunflower residue from oil extraction, potato residuefrom starch production, Jerusalem artichokes, pineapple peel and core,chicory roots, and other pectin-containing biomass materials. Theinsoluble fiber component generally includes, for example, predominantlycellulosic fibers such as hemicellulose and cellulose.

The starting pectin-containing biomass material can be cleaned andprepared for use by contact and washing with water (“water washed”)according to traditional method used for making water washed material.This method involves taking, for example, fresh and cut citrus peel andwashing it with 2-3 volumes of water. This operation may be performed1-4 times after which the resulting water washed peel is mechanicallypressed.

The starting pectin-containing biomass material can be cleaned andprepared for use by contact and washing with alcohol (“alcohol washed”).The alcohol washed starting pectin-containing biomass material can beprepared using the processes, in full or in part, as described in U.S.Pat. No. 8,323,513 which is incorporated herein by reference. It isbelieved that the protopectin present in the starting pectin-containingbiomass material may bind water, thereby making removal of waterdifficult. Treating (i.e. washing) starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial with alcohol has been found to cause the protopectin in situ tolose its water binding ability, which results in water leaching out ofthe starting pectin-containing biomass material without the protopectin,and therefore ultimately increasing pectin yield.

Non-limiting examples of suitable alcohols include ethanol, isopropanol,methanol, and combinations thereof. The alcohol may be present in thewetting composition in an amount from about 40 to about 85% by weight ofthe wetting composition or at least about 70% by weight of the wettingcomposition. The wetting composition may also include water in additionto alcohol, which may constitute all or substantially the remainder ofthe wetting composition in addition to the alcohol.

When the starting pectin-containing biomass material is alcohol washed,after each wash, the starting pectin-containing biomass material may bemechanically separated from at least a portion of the alcohol-containingwetting composition to form an alcohol washed starting pectin-containingbiomass material. The mechanical separation may be done by pressing thewetted starting pectin-containing biomass material, which may be carriedout by any suitable pressing device, such as a single screw press-type,or by hand. The pressure during pressing may range from about 0.5 bar toabout 8 bar or from about 2 bar to about 4 bar and the duration ofpressing may range from about 1 minute to about 25 minutes, or about 10minutes to about 25 minutes, or about 15 minutes to about 25 minutes.

The starting pectin-containing biomass material may undergo only onealcohol wash, followed by mechanical separation to form an alcoholwashed starting pectin-containing biomass material. The startingpectin-containing biomass material may undergo more than one alcoholwash and corresponding mechanical separation to form an alcohol washedstarting pectin-containing biomass material. The startingpectin-containing biomass material may undergo a first alcohol wash andcorresponding mechanical separation, and thereafter undergo a secondalcohol wash and corresponding mechanical separation to form an alcoholwashed starting pectin-containing biomass material.

The starting pectin-containing biomass material may optionally be driedby exposure to heat to form a dried starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial.

In step A), the starting pectin-containing biomass material whetherwater washed or alcohol washed or wet or dry can be mixed with anaqueous solution of an alcohol to form a mixture wherein the alcoholpresent in the mixture is at or greater than about 40 weight percentbased on the total weight of the mixture. In step A), the alcohol may bepresent in the mixture in an amount of at or about 40 to at or about 60weight percent alcohol. The amount of alcohol to be added or diluted maybe calculated by one of ordinary skill in the art depending on theamount of water present in the water washed starting pectin-containingbiomass material and depending on the amount of alcohol and waterpresent in the alcohol washed starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial.

Prior to the activating in step B), the starting pectin-containingbiomass material comprises the insoluble fiber component and insolubleprotopectin component. When the starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial is in contact with the activating solution, the protopectinhydrolyzes in situ to yield water soluble pectin within the startingpectin-containing biomass material, thereby resulting in an activatedpectin-containing biomass composition including the insoluble fibercomponent and the soluble pectin component. It is believed that theprotopectin covert to water soluble pectin through the action of theacid and, due to the alcohol, does so without leaching out of thestarting pectin containing biomass material. As a result, pectin yieldmay be improved.

The activating solution comprising an alcohol and an acid and may beformed by adding acid to the mixture of step A) to adjust the pH of themixture within the range from at or about 0.5 to at or about 2.5. Thus,the activating solution can have a pH of about 0.5 to about 2.5 or ofabout 1.0 to about 2.0. Non-limiting examples of suitable alcoholsinclude isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol, and combinations thereof.Non-limiting examples of suitable acids include organic and inorganicacids such as nitric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid,sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and combinations thereof. The alcoholmay be a solution may of about 40% to about 80% alcohol, such asethanol, and the acid may be a solution of about 10% to about 65% nitricacid, in order to provide a pH of the mixture within the range fromabout 0.5 to about 2.5. A 10% solution of nitric acid is preferred forsafety reasons.

The time period the starting pectin-containing biomass material is incontact with an activating solution will vary depending at least in parton the types of alcohol and acids used, the temperature at which themixture is heated, and whether or not mechanical energy is applied instep B and to the intensity of the mechanical energy applied. Forexample, the starting pectin-containing biomass material may becontacted with the activating solution for a period of at least about 5minutes to at or about 2 hours. The starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial may be contacted with the activating solution for a period ofat or about 15 minutes to at or about 1 hour. Further, step B) may beconducted for a period of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55minutes or 1 hr, 1.1 hr, 1.2 hr, 1.25 hr, 1.3 hr, 1.4 hr, 1.5 hr, 1.6hr, 1.7 hr, 1.75 hr, 1.8 hr, 1.9 hr, and 2 hr. The mixture can be heatedfor a period of time that is between any of these recited values.

The activating step B) includes heating the mixture of the startingpectin-containing biomass material and the activating solution to atemperature that is greater than at or about 40 degrees Celsius (° C.).The mixture can be heated to a temperature from at or about 40° C. to ator about 90° C. The mixture can be heated to a temperature that is fromat or about 60° C. to at or about 75° C. The mixture can be heated to atemperature of at or about one of 40° C., 45° C., 50° C., 55° C., 60°C., 65° C., 70° C., 75° C., 80° C., 85° C., and 90° C., or mixture canbe heated to a temperature that is between any of these recited values.

The mixture throughout its use in the method has a concentration of thestarting pectin-containing biomass material limited in accordance withthe subsequent mechanical device used for applying the mechanical energyin step C). For a more effective device, the concentration of thestarting pectin-containing biomass material can be higher. To simplify,the concentration of the starting pectin-containing biomass material canbe based on dry matter of the starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial. The concentration of the starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial can be at or about 1 to at or about 5 weight percent, or can beat or about 2 to at or about 4 weigh percent, can be at or about 3 to ator about 4 weight percent, based on the total weight of the mixture.

The method for producing the activated pectin-containing biomasscompositions described herein further includes, as in step C), applyingmechanical energy at certain stages of the method. Mechanical energy canbe applied to the mixture of step A), which as described above is thestarting pectin-containing biomass material in an aqueous solution ofalcohol. Mechanical energy can be applied during the activating of stepB), which as described above as subjecting the startingpectin-containing biomass material to the activating solution and toheat. Mechanical energy can be applied during both step A and step B).Applying mechanical energy in the method homogenizes the mixture,changes the physical structure of the starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial, increases the coil overlap parameter, and partly allows thecellulose to become micro fibrillated cellulose. The amount ofmechanical energy applied in the method depends on at which stepapplied, the type of starting pectin-containing biomass material, theamount of the starting pectin-containing biomass material used in themixture, the pH of the mixture, and the temperature of the activatingstep. The amount of mechanical energy also can influence the amount oftime needed to complete the activating of the starting-pectin containingbiomass material to form the activated pectin-containing biomassmaterial.

Devices for applying mechanical energy can be a pump, a refiner, anextruder, a lobe pump, and/or a centrifugal pump. The mixture can becirculated in a closed-loop system that includes a pressure vessel (ableto contain a heated solvent mixture), a reflux vessel, a heat exchanger,such as a shell and tube heat exchanger, and a pump for recirculatingthe heated mixture back to the vessel, allowing multiple passes throughthe pump in the system. Any pump that can exert a mechanical energy,such as a bi-axial extensional stress, on the fluid as it passes throughthe pump or through the system can be used. Examples include rotary lobepumps (available from, e.g., Viking Pump, Inc., Cedar Falls, Iowa;Johnson Pump, Rockford, Ill.; and Wright Flow Technologies, Inc., CedarFalls, Iowa); centrifugal pumps, and hydro-transport pumps (availablefrom, e.g., Cornell Pump Company, Clackamas, Oreg.; and Alfa Laval Inc.,Richmond. Va.). Other devices that can be used singularly or incombination to impart mechanical energy, such as a bi-axial extensionalstress, include a plate refiner, a disc refiner, a conical refiner, ahydrapulper, an extruder, a friction grinder mill, a hammer mill, and aball mill. Steam explosion or pressure relief also can be used to impactmechanical energy. The methods can be designed as continuous withoutcirculating back to the pressure vessel.

The pump can be a rotary lobe pump, alone or in combination with anothertype of pump. The rotary lobe pump is a positive displacement pump andcan have a single lobe, bi-wing, tri-lobe, or multi-lobe configuration.During operation, two rotors mesh together and rotate in oppositedirections, forming cavities between the rotors and the housing of thepump. The mixture enters and fills the cavities, moving through the pumpbetween the lobes and the casing. The movement of the lobes of the pumpforces the mixture through the outlet port of the discharge side of thepump and the mixture is ejected from the pump. The movement of themixture through the pump exposes the mixture to mechanical energy, whichteases apart the cellulosic fibers at least partially into fibrils. Themechanical energy can include a bi-axial extensional stress. The lobepump can continuously pump the mixture through the heat exchanger andback to the tank or pressure vessel for a set time. The methods can bedesigned as continuous without circulating back to the tank or pressurevessel.

This mechanical energy imparted, such as by the action by the pump,which can induce turbulent flow within the pump and within the startingpectin-containing biomass material as it is circulated through theclosed-loop system or through the continuous process, opens thestructure of the cellulosic component, visually changing the physicalstructure of the material as it takes on a more “fluffy” or“cotton-like” appearance when examined during the process. Turbulentflow leads to flow reversals and thus extension of the startingpectin-containing biomass material within the mixture. The mechanicalenergy fibrillates at least a portion of the cellulosic fiber intofibrils, increasing the surface area and thus the efficacy of theactivating step.

The application of the mechanical energy can transform the startingpectin-containing biomass material in the mixture to its fibrousstructure creating an open network allowing more access of theactivating solution to the protopectin so that the protopectin isconverted to soluble pectin within the fibrous structure. In oneexample, substantially all the pectin becomes readily water soluble,even in cold water. The micro fibrillated cellulose can be inparticulate form and can have a characterizing length in the range of ator about 1×10⁻⁶ meters to at or about 5000×10⁻⁶ meters, at or about100×10⁻⁶ meters to at or about 3000×10⁻⁶ meters, at or about 500×10⁻⁶meters to at or about 3000×10⁻⁶ meters, or at or about 1000×10⁻⁶ metersto at or about 3000×10⁻⁶ meters.

Mechanical energy as used herein is defined either in kilojoules (kJ)per kilogram dry matter (DM) in the mixture or as kilojoules perkilogram of the mixture (i.e. the slurry containing the startingpectin-containing biomass material. Specifying the energy input per kgdry matter is independent of the total weight of the mixture beingpre-treated and activated. The amount of mechanical energy applied canbe at or about 800 kilojoules or greater per kg dry matter, or in therange of from at or about 800 to at or about 15,000 kJ/kg dry matter.The mechanical energy to which the mixture can be subjected can be atleast any one of 800 kJ/kg, 1,000 kJ/kg, 1,200 kJ/kg, 1,400 kJ/kg, 1,600kJ/kg, 1,800 kJ/kg, 2,000 kJ/kg, 2,200 kJ/kg, 2,400 kJ/kg, 2,600 kJ/kg,2,800 kJ/kg, 3,000 kJ/kg, 3,200 kJ/kg, 3,400 kJ/kg, 3,600 kJ/kg, 3,800kJ/kg, 4,000 kJ/kg, 4,200 kJ/kg, 4,400 kJ/kg, 4,600 kJ/kg, 4,800 kJ/kg,5,000 kJ/kg, 5,200 kJ/kg, 5,400 kJ/kg, 5,600 kJ/kg, 5,800 kJ/kg, 6,000kJ/kg, 6,200 kJ/kg, 6,400 kJ/kg, 6,800 kJ/kg, 7,000 kJ/kg, 7,200 kJ/kg,7,400 kJ/kg, 7,600 kJ/kg, 7,800 kJ/kg, 8,000 kJ/kg, 8,200 kJ/kg, 8,400kJ/kg, 8,600 kJ/kg, 8,800 kJ/kg, 9,000 kJ/kg, 9,200 kJ/kg, 9,400 kJ/kg,9,600 kJ/kg, 9,800 kJ/kg, 10,000 kJ/kg, 10,200 kJ/kg, 10,400 kJ/kg,10,600 kJ/kg, 10,800 kJ/kg, 11,000 kJ/kg, 11,200 kJ/kg, 11,400 kJ/kg,11,600 kJ/kg, 11,800 kJ/kg, 12,000 kJ/kg, 12,200 kJ/kg, 12,400 kJ/kg,12,600 kJ/kg, 12,800 kJ/kg, 13,000 kJ/kg, 13,200 kJ/kg, 13,400 kJ/kg,13,600 kJ/kg, 13,800 kJ/kg, 14,000 kJ/kg, 14,200 kJ/kg, 14,400 kJ/kg,14,600 kJ/kg, 14,800 kJ/kg, or 15,000 kJ/kg, or the mixture can besubjected to a mechanical energy in the range of from at or about a toat or about b, where a is any one of the preceding mechanical energyvalues and b is any one of the preceding mechanical energy values thatis >a, such as from at or about 1,400 kJ/kg to at or about 7,900 kJ/kg,or at or about 1,300 kJ/kg to at or about 14,400 kJ/kg, etc. Forexample, for 1 kg material (dry weight basis) in 30 liters of acidifiedaqueous alcohol processed through a lobe pump (APV type, CL/1/021/10)with a pump motor that is 2 kW at 50 Hz that operated at 10 Hz (0.4 kW)for a period of 50 minutes (3000 seconds), the energy imparted to thesample was 0.4 kW×3000 seconds or 1200 kilojoules (per kg dry matter).Mechanical energy for the mixture can be at or about 36 kilojoulesgreater per kilogram of the mixture, at or about 40 kilojoules greaterper kilogram of the mixture, or at or about 60 kilojoules greater perkilogram of the mixture.

The mechanical energy input per kilogram dry matter or per kilogram ofthe mixture depends on the mechanical device. Energy input may be basedon the motor size of the pumps, or similar device used, taking intoaccount the use of frequency inverter, amperes, and voltages. Forexample, when using a lobe pump having a frequency in the range 10-40Hz, and an effect in the range 0.4-1.6 kW, circulating the mixturethrough the lobe pump 20-156 passes, corresponds to the mechanicalenergy input is in the range 800-8600 kJ. With such a lobe pump, thenumber of passes through the pump can be 20-50 passes, which correspondsto a mechanical energy input of 800-2400 kJ. This exemplary embodimentis used when the starting pectin-containing biomass material is citruspeel.

Tables 1-2 and the graph of the values of the coil overlap parametersand the mechanical energy in FIGS. 1-2 are examples of the effect of themechanical energy when added to step A) noted below as pre-treatmentand/or to step B) noted below as activation. In these examples thefollowing devices were used to add energy: a small lobe pump (2 kW); abig lobe pump (5.5 kW); a lobe pump (2.2 kW); a centrifugal pump (7.5kW); a Boston Shear Mill (11 kW); an extruder (8 kW); and a refiner (8kW). The exemplary amounts were 1 kg dry matter (DM) in a 30 kg mixtureand about 20 kg dry matter in approximate 360 kg mixture. A dilution ofthe starting pectin-containing biomass material with alcohol beforepre-treatment may be done in order to be able to pump the material. Whenthe starting pectin-containing biomass material is alcohol washed, thepre-treatment can be done without addition of alcohol such as whenpumping is not an issue with the type of equipment used. The dilutionwith alcohol can be in the activation step only. When the startingpectin-containing biomass material is not diluted (e.g. using alcoholwashed citrus peel), the pre-treatment may require less energy input.

To calculate the mechanical energy properties in Table 1, the followingexample calculations can be used:

-   -   1) A lobe pump has a 2 kW motor at 50 Hertz, but is operating        only at 10 Hertz giving an effect of 0.4 kW. The lobe pump is        working 30 minutes (1800 sec) which means that the mechanical        energy is: 0.4 kW*1800 sec=720 kJ. The slurry being recirculated        contains 1 kg dry matter (DM) so the specific energy is 720        kJ/kg DM. The total slurry volume is 30 kg. The pump running at        10 Hertz gives a flow of 860 kg/hr, so the total slurry through        the pump in 30 minutes is 430 kg. The slurry has then has 430        kg/30 kg=14.3 passes.    -   2) A lobe pump has a 2 kW motor at 50 Hertz and is operating at        this frequency. The lobe pump is working 60 minutes (3600 sec)        which means that the mechanical energy is: 2 kW*3600 sec=7200        kJ. The slurry being recirculated contains 1 kg dry matter (DM)        so the specific energy is 7200 kJ/kg DM. The total slurry volume        is 30 kg. The pump running at 50 Hertz gives a flow of 4300        kg/hr, so the total slurry through the pump in 60 minutes is        4300 kg. The slurry has then had 4300 kg/30 kg=143 passes.

TABLE 1 Pre- Pre- treatment Activation Activation Total Total treatmentspecific specific specific specific specific Pre- specific energy energyenergy energy energy Dry Pre- Total treatment energy mixture TotalActivation DM mixture DM mixture Sam- matter treatment mixture energy(kJ/kg (kJ/kg Activation slurry energy (kJ/kg (kJ/kg (kJ/kg (kJ/kg ple(kg) device (kg) (kJ) DM) mixture) Device (kg) (kJ) DM) mixture) DM)mixture)  1 1 BSM 30 1386 1386 46.2 Small lobe 30 1200 1200 40.0 258686.2  2 1 BSM 30 1386 1386 46.2 None 30 0 0 0.0 1386 46.2  3 1 BSM 30693 693 23.1 Small lobe 30 1200 1200 40.0 1893 63.1  4 1 BSM 30 693 69323.1 None 30 0 0 0.0 693 23.1  5 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 30 12001200 40.0 1200 40.0  6 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 30 2400 2400 80.02400 80.0  7 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 30 4800 4800 160.0 4800 160.0 8 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 None 30 0 0 0.0 0 0.0  9 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Smalllobe 30 8640 8640 288.0 8640 288.0 10 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 306480 6480 216.0 6480 216.0 11 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 30 1080010800 360.0 10800 360.0 12 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 30 10800 10800360.0 10800 360.0 13 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 30 1800 1800 60.0 180060.0 14 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 30 7200 7200 240.0 7200 240.0 15 1None 30 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 30 7200 7200 240.0 7200 240.0 16 1 None 30 00 0.0 Small lobe 30 7200 7200 240.0 7200 240.0 17 20 Refiner 360 2400120 6.7 Lobe + 360 21420 1071 59.5 1191 66.2 centrifugal 18 20 Refiner360 2400 120 6.7 Lobe + 360 42840 2142 119.0 2262 125.7 centrifugal 1920 Refiner 360 9600 480 26.7 Lobe + 360 32130 1606.5 89.3 2087 115.9centrifugal 20 20 Refiner 360 9600 480 26.7 Lobe + 360 42840 2142 119.02622 145.7 centrifugal 21 20 Refiner 360 16800 840 46.7 Lobe + 360 214201071 59.5 1911 106.2 centrifugal 22 20 Refiner 360 16800 840 46.7 Lobe +360 32130 1606.5 89.3 2447 135.9 centrifugal 23 20 Refiner 360 16800 84046.7 Lobe + 360 42840 2142 119.0 2982 165.7 centrifugal 24 20 None 360 00 0.0 Lobe + 360 32130 1606.5 89.3 1607 89.3 centrifugal 25 20 None 3600 0 0.0 Lobe + 360 53550 2677.5 148.8 2678 148.8 centrifugal 26 1 None30 0 0 0.0 Big lobe 30 990 990 33.0 990 33.0 27 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Biglobe 30 1980 1980 66.0 1980 66.0 28 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Big lobe 30 33663366 112.2 3366 112.2 29 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Big lobe 30 5346 5346 178.25346 178.2 30 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Big lobe 30 5346 5346 178.2 5346 178.231 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Big lobe 30 891 891 29.7 891 29.7 32 1 None 30 0 00.0 Big lobe 30 1980 1980 66.0 1980 66.0 33 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Big lobe30 3267 3267 108.9 3267 108.9 34 1 None 30 0 0 0.0 Big lobe 30 5247 5247174.9 5247 174.9 35 1 None 4.2 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 30 12000 12000 400.012000 400.0 36 1 Extruder 4.2 725 725 172.6 Small lobe 30 12000 12000400.0 12725 572.6 37 1 Extruder 4.2 556 556 132.4 Small lobe 30 1200012000 400.0 12556 532.4 38 1 none 2.5 0 0 0.0 Small lobe 30 12000 12000400.0 12000 400.0 39 1 Extruder 2.5 180 180 72.0 Small lobe 30 1200012000 400.0 12180 472.0 40 1 Extruder 2.5 196 196 78.4 Small lobe 3012000 12000 400.0 12196 478.4 41 1 Extruder 2.5 196 196 78.4 None 30 0 00.0 196 78.4

TABLE 2 Total Total specific specific Nitric energy energy Time AcidCoil Sam- (kJ/kg (kJ/kg Temp Heating # of 62% IV Recovery overlap pleDM) mixture) (° C.) (min) Passes (mL/kg) (dL/g) (%) parameter  1 258686.2 65 50 23 100 8.4 28.2 2.4  2 1386 46.2 65 200 0 100 9.6 19.5 1.9  31893 63.1 65 50 23 100 8.2 28.6 2.3  4 693 23.1 65 200 0 100 10 18.3 1.8 5 1200 40.0 65 50 23 100 8.9 25.8 2.3  6 2400 80.0 65 50 48 100 8.229.6 2.4  7 4800 160.0 65 50 119 100 9 26 2.3  8 0 0.0 65 200 0 100 8.819.1 1.7  9 8640 288.0 65 90 215 100 8 30.4 2.4 10 6480 216.0 65 90 42100 8 30.4 2.4 11 10800 360.0 70 90 215 100 6.7 38.8 2.6 12 10800 360.070 90 215 100 7.2 37.2 2.7 13 1800 60.0 75 15 36 150 7.3 37.8 2.8 147200 240.0 75 60 143 150 6.9 42.0 2.9 15 7200 240.0 75 60 143 150 6.244.8 2.8 16 7200 240.0 75 60 143 150 6.5 43.4 2.8 17 1191 66.2 75 60 40240 6.7 46.0 3.1 18 2262 125.7 75 120 80 240 5.8 45.6 2.6 19 2087 115.975 90 60 240 6.4 46.6 3.0 20 2622 145.7 75 120 80 240 6.0 46.9 2.8 211911 106.2 75 60 40 330 6.7 46.1 3.1 22 2447 135.9 75 90 60 330 5.9 46.52.7 23 2982 165.7 75 120 80 330 5.8 47.1 2.7 24 1607 89.3 75 90 60 2407.9 39.6 3.1 25 2678 148.8 75 150 100 240 7.5 39.9 3.0 26 990 33.0 75 515 150 7.2 29.9 2.2 27 1980 66.0 75 10 31 150 7.2 35.7 2.6 28 3366 112.275 17 52 150 7.3 38.1 2.8 29 5346 178.2 75 27 83 150 7.4 39.5 2.9 305346 178.2 75 27 83 150 7.1 38.8 2.7 31 891 29.7 75 9 14 150 7.4 30.82.3 32 1980 66.0 75 20 31 150 7.4 39.0 2.9 33 3267 108.9 75 33 50 1507.1 38.4 2.7 34 5247 174.9 75 53 81 150 7.1 39.4 2.8 35 12000 400.0 75100 239 150 5.9 45.1 2.6 36 12725 572.6 75 100 239 150 5.8 45 2.6 3712556 532.4 75 100 239 150 5.3 45.7 2.4 38 12000 400.0 75 100 239 1506.1 45 2.7 39 12180 472.0 75 100 239 150 6.2 45.1 2.8 40 12196 478.4 75100 239 150 6.2 44.4 2.7 41 196 78.4 75 60 0 150 6.6 43.4 2.9

With reference to the data in Tables 1-2 and FIGS. 1-2, when the coiloverlap parameter is plotted against the mechanical energy inputted, thefollowing may be taken from the graphs. If the energy that is added tothe starting pectin-containing biomass material, citrus peel in theseexamples, is 800 kJ/kg DM or greater or 36 kJ/kg of the mixture, thenthe coil overlap parameter is 2 or greater. With variations inequipment, temperature, pH and point of applying mechanical energy, thecoil overlap parameter is affected. The functionality of the activatedpectin-containing biomass material increases with increasing coiloverlap parameter. Thus the method can produce an activatedpectin-containing biomass material with a coil overlap parameter of ator about 2.3 or greater when using mechanical energy of at or about 1200kJ/kg DM or greater or at or about 40 kJ/kg mixture and a coil overlapparameter of at or about 2.5 or greater when using mechanical energy ator about 1900 kJ/kg DM or at or about 60 kJ/kg mixture.

Turning for example to sample 1 above, a dilution with alcohol was madebefore pre-treatment. Amount of dry starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial (alcohol washed)=1 kg (this relates typically to 2.5 kg wetstarting pectin containing biomass). Total weight of mixture inpretreatment=30 kg. Energy input in pre-treatment=1386 kilojoules (kJ).Energy input during activation=1200 kJ. Total energy input was energyinput in pre-treatment+energy input during activation=2586 kJ. Totalspecific energy input (based on dry matter)=(total energy input)/(amountof dry starting pectin containing biomass)=2586 kJ/1 kg=2586 kJ/kg DM.Total specific energy input (based on total weight of slurry)=(totalenergy input)/(total weight of slurry)=2586 kJ/30 kg=86.2 kJ/kg.

Turning for example to sample 40, a dilution with alcohol was made afterpre-treatment. Amount of dry starting pectin containing biomass (alcoholwashed)=1 kg (this relates typically to 2.5 kg wet starting pectincontaining biomass). Total weight of mixture=30 kg. Energy input inpre-treatment=196 kJ. Energy input during activation=12000 kJ. Totalenergy input=energy input in pre-treatment+energy input duringactivation=12196 kJ. Total specific energy input (based on drymatter)=(total energy input)/(amount of dry starting pectin containingbiomass)=12196 kJ/1 kg=12196 kJ/kg. Total specific energy input (basedon total weight of mixture)=(total energy input duringpre-treatment)/(total weight of mixture during pre-treatment)+(totalenergy input during activation)/(total weight of mixture duringactivation)=196 kJ/2.5 kg+12000 kJ/30 kg=478 kJ/kg.

The method for producing the activated pectin-containing biomasscompositions described herein includes separating the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition from the mixture, referred to asstep D). After activating and applying mechanical energy, the nowactivated pectin-containing biomass composition and activating solutionis separated into a liquid phase comprising the activating solution anda phase comprising the activated pectin-containing biomass composition.The phase containing the activated pectin-containing biomass compositionmay be further pressed, for example by using a screw press or a decantercentrifuge. The method can include draining, decanting or membranefiltration of the mixture. For example, the mixture can be deposited ona perforated belt or screen to allow the fluid portion of the mixture todrain away. Excess fluid can be removed by application of a pressure,such as by use of a press, such as a hydraulic press, a pneumatic press,a screw press, a Vincent press, or a cone press, or a centrifugalextractor, or any combination thereof, forming a dewatered activatedpectin-containing biomass composition.

The activated pectin-containing biomass material composition comprisesabout 40 weight percent dry matter, and the liquid is composed primarilyof alcohol and acid. In order to remove the residual acid, theseparating step D) can include washing the activated pectin-containingbiomass composition in an aqueous solution of an alcohol containing ator about 40 to at or about 90 weight percent alcohol until the pH of thewashing liquid is increased to at or about 3 to at or about 5 or to ator about 3.5 to at or about 4.5. The alcohol wash also can include analkalizing agent that can neutralize the acid. Non-limiting examples ofalcohols that may be used to wash the drained activatedpectin-containing composition include isopropyl alcohol, ethanol,methanol, and combinations thereof. Exemplary alkalizing agents includean alkali metal salt of a carbonate, bicarbonate, or hydroxide, such aspotassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide. Thiswashing may be done as a batch process or as a counter current process.The amount of alcohol present in the alcohol wash can be increased insubsequent washes. For example, a first alcohol wash can include analcohol content of 45 wt %; a second alcohol wash can include an alcoholcontent of 55 wt %; and a third alcohol wash can include an alcoholcontent of 70 wt % or more. Using an alcohol wash with an alcoholcontent of 70 wt % or more as a final washing step can efficientlydewater the activated pectin-containing biomass composition prior todrying. This can reduce the time and temperature required to achieve adried product with a targeted moisture content. The presence of thealcohol also can help to minimize or prevent hydrogen-bond formationbetween fibrils of the cellulosic fibers of the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition, thereby minimizing or preventinghornification of the cellulosic fibers upon drying. The process caninclude a series of successive alcohol washes having higher alcoholconcentrations to dehydrate the activated fiber.

After the separating step, the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition, may then undergo downstream treatments or processing,in-line or off-line. In the case of using the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition for extraction, the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition can be in the form of an aqueoussuspension.

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition can be dried suchthat the activated pectin-containing biomass composition is in a dryform. The temperature during drying must be controlled such that thetemperature of the activated pectin-containing biomass composition doesnot exceed about 75-80 degrees Celsius in order not to impact thequality of the activated pectin-containing biomass composition.Exemplary non-limiting drying methods include using mechanicalseparation techniques to express water from the fibers, solvent exchangeto displace residual water, such as by washing with an organic solventsolution, freeze drying, vacuum drying, spray drying, drum drying,drying with heat, drying with an air flow, flash drying, fluidized beddrying, exposure to radiant heat and combinations thereof. A dryingagent can be included in the drying process to further inhibitcellulosic to cellulosic interactions. Non-limiting examples of dryingagents include glucose syrup, corn syrup, sucrose, dextrins,maltodextrins, and combinations thereof.

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition after drying may befurther comminuted, such that the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition is in a dry particulate form, e.g. powder. Non-limitingexamples of suitable comminuting methods include grinding, milling, andthe like. The comminuting can further reduce the particle size of thedried activated pectin-containing biomass composition to provide aproduct having improved flowability, dispersability, hydration and/orhandling properties. The particles can be comminuted to a size of 300 μmor less. The particles can be comminuted to a size of 250 μm or less.The particles can be comminuted to a size of 200 μm or less. Theparticles can be comminuted to a size of 150 μm or less. The particlescan be comminuted to a size of 125 μm or less. The particles can becomminuted to a size of 100 μm or less. The particles can be comminutedto a size of 75 μm or less. For example, the particles can be comminutedto a desired size by milling. Any type of mill can be used. For example,any one or a combination of a hammer mill, a pin mill, a pinned discmill, a beater mill, a cross beater mill, an air micronizer, a jet mill,a classifier mill, a ball mill, a rotary impact mill, and a turbo millcan be a used.

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition may be a foodingredient. That is, it is not a food additive. This has the advantageof being accepted by the food industry and critical consumers. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition derived from anyexemplary method described herein is comprised in a product. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition as described herein iscomprised in a product. Such a product may be a food product, but is notlimited to food products.

Several aspects and embodiments of pectin-containing biomasscompositions and methods for manufacture thereof are described herein.Features of the subject matter are described such that, withinparticular aspects, a combination of different features can beenvisioned. For each and every aspect and each and every featuredisclosed herein, all combinations that do not detrimentally affect thedesigns, compositions, processes, or methods described herein arecontemplated and can be interchanged, with or without explicitdescription of the particular combination. Accordingly, unlessexplicitly recited otherwise, any aspect, embodiment or featuredisclosed herein can be combined to describe inventive designs,compositions, processes, or methods consistent with the presentdisclosure.

Several types of ranges are disclosed in the present invention. When arange of any type is disclosed or claimed, the intent is to disclose orclaim individually each possible number that such a range couldreasonably encompass, including end points of the range as well as anysub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges encompassed therein.

Values or ranges may be expressed herein as “about”, from “about” oneparticular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When suchvalues or ranges are expressed, other aspects disclosed include thespecific value recited, from the one particular value, and/or to theother particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed asapproximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understoodthat the particular value forms another aspect. It will be furtherunderstood that there are a number of values disclosed therein, and thateach value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value inaddition to the value itself. In aspects, “about” can be used to mean,for example, within 10% of the recited value, within 5% of the recitedvalue, or within 2% of the recited value.

Concentrations and percent are in weight percent unless the contextindicates otherwise.

While compositions and methods are described herein in terms of“comprising” various components or steps, the compositions and methodscan also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various componentsor steps, unless stated otherwise.

The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include pluralalternatives, e.g., at least one, unless otherwise specified.

For the purposes of describing and defining the present teachings, it isnoted that the term “substantially” is utilized herein to represent theinherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to anyquantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation.The term “substantially” is also utilized herein to represent the degreeby which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated referencewithout resulting in a change in the basic function of the subjectmatter at issue.

Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to thosedescribed herein can be used in the practice or testing of theinvention, the typical methods and materials are herein described.

All publications and patents mentioned herein are incorporated herein byreference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, theconstructs and methodologies that are described in the publications andpatents, which might be used in connection with the presently describedinvention.

EXAMPLES

The activated pectin-containing biomass compositions and methods may befurther understood with the following non-limiting examples. These aremerely examples for different starting materials and mechanical energyadded for the described method for producing an activatedpectin-containing biomass composition and the product comprising such anactivated pectin-containing biomass composition

The following protocols were used to analyze the degree ofesterification (DE), degree of galacturonic acid (GA), an apparentviscosity (mPa·s), intrinsic viscosity (dL/g), residual sugar content(%), water binding (g/g), SAG, and percent recovery (%).

Protocol 1: Determination of Degree of Esterification and Degree ofGalacturonic Acid

The degree of esterification (DE) and degree of galacutonic acid (GA)were measured using a modification of the method set forth in FAO JECFAMonographs 4 (2007). 100 mL of the acid alcohol (100 mL 50-60%isopropanol+5 mL HCl fuming 37%) was added to 2.00 g of ground peelwhile stirring with a magnetic stirrer for 10 min. The mixture wasfiltered or passed through a Buchner funnel with filter paper and thebeaker was rinsed with 6×15 mL acid alcohol and also filtered or passedthrough the Buchner funnel with filter paper. The filtrate was thenwashed first with approximately 1000 mL 50-60% isopropanol andthereafter with approximately 2×50 mL 100% isopropanol. The sample thenwas dried for approximately 2.5 hours at 105° C.

Samples weighing approximately 0.40 g were measured for duplicatedetermination (deviation between duplicate determinations must notexceed 1.5% absolute, otherwise the test was repeated). The samples werefirst moistened with approximately 2 mL 100% isopropanol. Approximately50 mL carbon dioxide-free water then was added to the moistened sampleswhile stirring with a magnetic stirrer. The samples were then evaluatedby titration, either by means of an indicator or by using a pHmeter/autoburette.

Titration Using Indicator. 5 drops of phenolphtalein indicator was addedto the sample and it was titrated with 0.1 N NaOH until a change ofcolor was observed (record it as V₁ titer). 20.0 mL 0.5 N NaOH was addedwhile stirring and covered with foil for exactly 15 min. 20.0 mL 0.5 NHCl was added while stirring until the color disappeared. 3 drops ofphenolphtalein indicator then was added and it was titrated with 0.1 NNaOH until a change of color was observed (record it as V₂ titer). Inorder to compensate for possible inaccuracies of balancing the twoportions of 20 mL of 0.5 N NaOH and HCl respectively, a so-called “blindmeasurement” was performed (i.e., 100 mL of deionized water was treatedin the same way as the sample solution, including the titrations). Thelast titration result was then recorded as B₁ titer. The degree ofesterification and degree of galacturonic acid were then characterizedby the following calculations.

$\begin{matrix}{\mspace{79mu}{V_{t} = {V_{1} + \left( {V_{2} - B_{1}} \right)}}} & (i) \\{\mspace{79mu}{{\%\mspace{14mu}{{DE}\left( {{Degree}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{esterification}} \right)}} = {\left\lbrack {\left( {V_{2} - B_{1}} \right)/V_{t}} \right\rbrack*100}}} & ({ii}) \\{\%\mspace{14mu}{{GA}\left( {{Degree}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{galacturonic}\mspace{14mu}{acid}} \right)} = \frac{\left\lbrack {194.1*V_{t}*N*100} \right\rbrack}{{weight}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{washed}\mspace{14mu}{and}{\mspace{11mu}\;}{dried}\mspace{14mu}{{sample}({mg})}}} & ({iii})\end{matrix}$

-   -   wherein N=corrected normality for 0.1 N NaOH used for titration.        Protocol 2: Determination of Viscosity (VIS)

A 2% solution of pectin is made up at 25° C. in a medium containingsodium hexametaphosphate. Viscosity is determined with a BrookfieldViscometer type LVT or LVF after adjustment of pH to 4.0.

The apparatus included the following:

1. Analytical balance

2. Beakers; 400 mL and 2000 mL

3. Magnetic stirrer and Teflon-coated stir bars

4. pH-meter with suitable combination electrode

5. Cylinder glass, diameter 50±1 mm

6. Brookfield Viscometer type LVT or LVF

7. Thermometer, 0-110° C.

8. Volumetric flasks; 250 mL and 1000 mL

9. Serological (or measuring pipette); 10 mL

The chemicals used were sodium hexametaphosphate (food grade), sodiumhydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃) p.a., and 100% isopropanol (C3H8O).

One reagent was sodium hexametaphosphate solution prepared as follows:(i) disperse 11.11 g in 950 mL deionized water in a 2000 mL beaker andstir for 15 minutes; (ii) transfer the solution quantitatively to a 1000mL volumetric flask, filling to 1000 mL with deionized water; (iii) stirfor 15 minutes. A new solution should be prepared if sodiumhexametaphosphate is not completely dissolved. The second reagent wassodium bicarbonate solution prepared as follows: (i) dissolve 84.01 g indeionized water, and (ii) fill up to 1000 mL with deionized water.

The procedure was as follows:

1. Weigh 4.00 g of sample and transfer to a tared 400 mL tared beakercontaining a magnetic stir bar.

2. Using a serological pipette, add 10.0 mL isopropanol to wet thepectin. Place the beaker on the magnetic stirrer.

3. Add 180 mL sodium hexametaphosphate solution to the pectin dispersionwhile stirring. Continue stirring for 1 hour at approximately 700 rpm.

4. Place the pH-electrode in the pectin solution. Adjust pH to 3.95-4.05by drop wise addition of sodium bicarbonate solution.

5. Adjust the net weight of the pectin solution to 200.0 g by addingdeionized water.

6. Transfer the pectin solution to the cylinder glass. Adjust thetemperature to 25° C. by placement of the cylinder glass with solutionin a suitable cooling or heating bath.

7. Measure apparent viscosity on a Brookfield Viscometer type LVT or LVFusing spindle No. 3, at 60 rpm. After 60 seconds of rotation, thereading is taken and with an accuracy of 0.5 on the scale.

Protocol 3: Determination of Intrinsic Viscosity and Recovery

Approximately 40 mg of sample was weighed and dispersed in 100 μLethanol. 40 mL of effluent was added and the mixture was stirred using amagnetic stirrer in a 75±2° C. block heater for 30 minutes.

Effluent preparation for 10 liter effluent for FIPA (Safety: 0.3 MLithiumacetatebuffer) was as follows:

1. Pour approx. 3 L Milli-Q water into a 5000-mL graduated beaker.

2. Add a magnetic stir bar and place on a magnetic stirrer to produce asuitable vortex during all additions.

3. Weigh 125.6 g lithium hydroxide monohydrate into a weighing boat andtransfer quantitatively to the graduated beaker.

4. Weigh 0.20 g sodium azide into a weighing boat and transferquantitatively to the graduated beaker.

5. Weigh 360.4 g glacial acetic acid into a 500-mL beaker and transferquantitatively to the graduated beaker.

6. When all three chemicals are dissolved, add Milli-Q water to 5000 mLand maintain stirring for 5 min.

7. Pour the content into the pressure container.

8. Rinse the graduated beaker with a total volume of 5000 mL Milli-Qwater that is transferred to the pressure container, thus producing atotal of 10 L effluent.

9. The liquid is filtered using a Pressure filtration unit withSartopore 2 filter from Sartorius (0.45+0.2 μm).

10. After preparation, check pH of the buffer, which must be 4.6±0.1.

The sample was transferred to a 5° C. water bath for 5 minutes to coolto room temperature and since the sample contains non-soluble material,it must be manually dissolved and filtrated (0.45 μm filter) prior tobeing transferred to an auto sampler vial. The intrinsic viscosity ofthe samples was then determined using size exclusion chromatography(SEC). The molecules were separated according to their size by gelpermeation chromatography with the effluent from the chromatographycolumn passing four detectors (Refractive Index Detector, Right AngleLaser Light Scattering Detector, Low Angle Laser Light ScatteringDetector, and a Viscosity Detector). Viscotek software converted thedetector signals from the viscosity detector and refractive indexdetector to intrinsic viscosity.

A Viscotek TDA 302 FIPA instrument mounted with Viscotek pump VE 1122Solvent delivery system was used along with Thermo Separation ProductsAuto sampler AS 3000 with a sample preparation module. Columns includedThermo BioBasis SEC60 (150×7.8 mm) that were connected to a computerwith OmniSEC software for data collection and calculations. The run timeat the auto sampler was set at 10 minutes and a 25 μL full loopinjection was used. The Viscotek TDS 302 FIPA instrument automaticallymeasures the concentration of soluble pectin in the sample, thus,providing the percent recovery of pectin.

Protocol 4: Determination of Residual Sugar Content

10 g of a sample was measured in a 600 mL glass beaker. 200 mL 50%isopropanol was added to the sample and stirred for four hours on amagnet stirrer at room temperature. The mixture was transferred to avacuum-drive Buchner funnel with filter paper and the beaker was rinsedwith 250 mL 50% isopropanol to ensure transfer and wash of samplethrough the Buchner funnel with filter paper. The sample then was driedovernight (minimum of 12 hours) at 65-70° C. in a drying cabinet. Theweight of the dried sample was then determined and the residual sugarwas calculated:

${{Residual}\mspace{14mu}{Sugar}} = \frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {{{{weight}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{dry}\mspace{14mu}{sample}} - {{weight}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{dry}}},{{washed}\mspace{14mu}{sample}}} \right)*100} \right\rbrack}{\left( {{weight}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{dry}\mspace{14mu}{sample}} \right)}$Protocol 5: Determination of Water Binding Capacity

Water binding capacity was measured by a modified version of the AAC56-30.01 method described in Kael Eggie's Development of an extrudedflax-based feed ingredient (2010). 1.0 g of material was added to a 50mL centrifuge tube and weighed. Deionized water was added to thecentrifuge tube in small, unmeasured increments and stirred after eachaddition until the mixture was thoroughly wetted. The tube and itscontents were vortexed and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutesat room temperature. The supernatant was discarded and, in cases wheresupernatant did not appear, more water was added and centrifugation wasrepeated. The final mass of the tube and container was recorded and thewater binding capacity (WBC) was calculated by the following formula:

${{Water}\mspace{14mu}{Binding}\mspace{14mu}{Capacity}} = \frac{\begin{matrix}{\left( {{{tube}\mspace{14mu}{mass}} + {{sediment}\mspace{14mu}{mass}}} \right) -} \\\left( {{{tube}\mspace{14mu}{mass}} + {{sample}\mspace{14mu}{mass}}} \right)\end{matrix}}{{sample}\mspace{14mu}{mass}}$Protocol 6: Determination of SAG

This method is identical to method 5-54 of the IFT committee on pectinstandardization, apart from the fact that it is modified to use of amechanic stirrer instead of a potato masher.

The apparatus included the following:

1. Analytical balance

2. Laboratory scale (max. load 3-5 kg, accuracy 0.2 g)

3. Stainless steel saucepan, 1.5 l, 15 cm diameter

4. Electric hotplate, 15 cm diameter, 1500 W

5. Stirrer motor, adjustable speed, 500-1000 rpm

6. Stirrer shaft (HETO, article No. 000240, drawing No. 0004259)

7. Beakers (1000 ml and 150 ml)

8. Spatula

9. Stop watch

10. Thermometer, 100° C.

11. pH-meter

12. SAG-glasses and tape

13. Ridgelimeter

14. Wire cheese slicer

15. Refractometer

16. Incubator

The chemicals used were sugar, tartaric acid (488 g per liter solution),and deionized water.

The preparation of jelly was as follows:

1. Weigh into 1000 ml beaker 650−(650/x) g sugar, where x=assumedfirmness of sample.

2. Transfer 20-30 g of the weighed sugar into a dry 150 ml beaker andadd the weighed sample (the weight of the sample to use in a jelly isexpressed as: 650 g/assumed grade).

3. Mix the sample and sugar thoroughly in the beaker by stirring withspatula.

4. Pour 410 ml deionized/distilled water into the 1500 ml tared,stainless steel saucepan and place stirrer shaft in it. Pour thesample/sugar mixture into water—all at once—while stirring at 1000 rpm.It is important as quickly as possible to submerge the sample/sugarsolution in the water and transfer any traces of the sample/sugar in thesmall beaker to the saucepan.5. Continue stirring for two minutes.6. After 2 minutes, place saucepan on preheated electric hotplate, andstir at 500 rpm.7. When contents reach a full rolling boil, add remaining sugar andcontinue heating and stirring until sugar is dissolved and until netweight of the jelly batch is 1015 g. The electric hotplate should be setso that the entire heating time for the jelly is 5-8 minutes (full load,1500 W).8. After weighing the 1015 g batch on the laboratory scale, leave itundisturbed on the table for one minute. Then tip the saucepan, so thatthe contents are just about to overflow, and quickly skim off any foam.Place thermometer in the batch and continue stirring gently until thetemperature reaches exactly 95° C.9. Quickly pour the batch into two previously prepared SAG glasses eachcontaining 1.75-2.25 ml of tartaric acid solution and equipped withadhesive tape allowing filling to approx. 1 cm above the brims.10. After 15 minutes, cover the glasses with lids, and when thetemperature reaches 30-35° C., place the glasses in an incubator at25±3° C. for 20-24 hours.

The properties of the jelly was measured as follows:

1. After 20-24 hours' storage of the jellies, remove lids from glassesand remove tape. Using a wire cheese slicer, the top layer was cut offand discarded.

2. Then carefully turn the jelly out of the glass to an invertedposition on a square glass plate furnished with Ridgelimeter.

3. Start stop watch once the jelly is on the glass plate. If the jellyleaned slightly to one side this was corrected by gently tilting theglass plate in the other direction.

4. Place plate and jelly carefully on the base of the Ridgelimeter sothat the jelly is centered under the micrometer screw, which should thenbe screwed down near to the surface of the jelly.

5. Two minutes after the stop watch was started, bring the point of themicrometer screw into contact with the jelly surface and record theRidgelimeter reading to the nearest 0.1.

6. Measure pH, which must be between 2.2 and 2.4. Otherwise, the samplemust be retested.

The jelly grade of the sample is calculated as follows:

1. Using the Ridgelimeter calibration table, convert the Ridgelimeterreading to a Factor 1 (see FIG. 1).

2. Using the soluble solids correcting table, the soluble solidsmeasured is converted into a Factor 2 (see FIG. 2).

3. When multiplying the assumed grade of the test by the correctionfactors, the true grade is obtained using the following formula:Assumed grade×Factor 1×Factor 2=true grade

TABLE 3 Ridgelimeter reading percent SAG Factor 1 19.0 1.200 19.1 1.19519.2 1.190 19.3 1.186 19.4 1.182 19.5 1.177 19.6 1.173 19.7 1.168 19.81.163 19.9 1.158 20.0 1.155 20.1 1.150 20.2 1.146 20.3 1.142 20.4 1.13720.5 1.133 20.6 1.128 20.7 1.124 20.8 1.120 20.9 1.115 21.0 1.110 21.11.107 21.2 1.102 21.3 1.097 21.4 1.093 21.5 1.088 21.6 1.084 21.7 1.08021.8 1.076 21.9 1.072 22.0 1.067 22.1 1.062 22.2 1.057 22.3 1.054 22.41.048 22.5 1.044 22.6 1.040 22.7 1.035 22.8 1.031 22.9 1.027 23.0 1.02223.1 1.018 23.2 1.013 23.3 1.009 23.4 1.005 23.5 1.000 23.6 0.997 23.70.992 23.8 0.987 23.9 0.983 24.0 0.978 24.1 0.974 24.2 0.969 24.3 0.96524.4 0.960 24.5 0.957 24.6 0.953 24.7 0.948 24.8 0.944 24.9 0.940 25.00.936 25.1 0.933 25.2 0.928 25.3 0.925 25.4 0.921 25.5 0.917 25.6 0.91325.7 0.910 25.8 0.906 25.9 0.902 26.0 0.898 26.1 0.895 26.2 0.892 26.30.888 26.4 0.885 26.5 0.881 26.6 0.878 26.7 0.875 26.8 0.872 26.9 0.86827.0 0.864 27.1 0.862 27.2 0.859 27.3 0.856 27.4 0.853 27.5 0.850 27.60.847 27.7 0.844 27.8 0.842 27.9 0.838

TABLE 4 Correlation Values Calculated for “Exchanged” SAG AnalysisPercent SS Correction Factor 2 64.0 1.034 64.1 1.031 64.2 1.028 64.31.024 64.4 1.021 64.5 1.018 64.6 1.015 64.7 1.012 64.8 1.008 64.9 1.00465.0 1.000 65.1 0.997 65.2 0.993 65.3 0.990 65.4 0.987 65.5 0.984 65.60.980 65.7 0.975 65.8 0.970 65.9 0.967 66.0 0.964 66.1 0.960 66.2 0.957

Example 1

Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methods described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 and then pressed by hand, followed by a secondconsecutive wash/press to form alcohol washed starting pectin-containingbiomass material. The dry alcohol washed starting pectin-containingbiomass material was then divided into four samples—Samples 1, 2, 3, and4.

Sample 1 (activated/no mechanical energy): 2,500 grams (dry matter) ofalcohol washed starting pectin-containing biomass material was activatedby contacting the material with alcohol and acid at 60° C. for 1 hourwithout being subjected to mechanical energy. The amount of acid thatwas used was selected to correspond to the amount of acid used in a drypeel extraction (0.1 mL acid/gram peel): 2500 gram dry peel, 250 mL 62%nitric acid; 20 L 60% isopropyl alcohol. After conventionallyactivating—i.e., without mechanical energy—the sample was cooled to 25°C. and was drained. The drained sample was then washed with 100 L 60%isopropyl alcohol, and then dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10hours. The dried sample was then milled to a particle size of 250microns.

Sample 2 (activated/mechanical energy): 1,000 grams (dry matter) ofalcohol washed starting pectin-containing biomass material was activatedby contacting the material with alcohol and acid at 70° C. for 1 hourunder mechanical energy of 10,800 kilojoules. The amount of acid thatwas used was selected to correspond to the amount of acid used in a drypeel extraction (0.1 mL acid/gram peel): 1000 gram dry peel, 100 mL 62%nitric acid; 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated at 5,200 L/hr from a vessel(KOFA ApS, volume 25 L) through a tube heat exchanger (3 meters inlength; 6″ outer diameter; 2 inner tubes, each with a diameter of 1½″)and back to the vessel by a lobe pump (APV, CL/1/021/10) that operatedat 50 Hz.

After being activated under mechanical energy, the sample mixture wascooled to 15° C. and then was drained using a Vincent press (modelCP-4). The drained sample was then conventionally washed twice, whereeach wash was for 5 minutes in 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol with a pHadjustment to 3.5 using 10% sodium carbonate. The washed sample was thendried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours. The dried sample wasthen milled to a particle size of 250 microns.

Sample 3 (non-activated/no mechanical energy): 30 grams (dry matter) ofalcohol washed starting pectin-containing biomass material was milled toa particle size of 250 microns.

Sample 4 (non-activated/mechanical energy): 30 grams (dry matter) ofalcohol washed starting pectin-containing biomass material was suspendedin 3 L of de-ionized water and then passed through a homogenizer (APVRannie 1000 homogenizer, type 12.50, reg. no. 113, Copenhagen Denmark)twice at 300 bar to impart comparable mechanical energy to that ofSample 2. The homogenized sample was mixed with 6 L 100% isopropanol andthen drained in a 60μ nylon cloth. The drained sample was then dried ina heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours, after which the dried sample wasmilled to a particle size of 250 microns.

A dry, traditional water washed orange peel was obtained and dividedinto four samples—Sample 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Sample 5 (activated/no mechanical energy): 500 grams (dry matter) ofwater washed starting pectin-containing biomass material was activatedby contacting the material with 15 L of 60% ethanol and 50 mL of 62%nitric acid at 65° C. for 2 hours without being subjected to mechanicalenergy. After conventionally activating—i.e., without mechanicalenergy—the sample was cooled to 25° C. and then was drained. The drainedsample was then washed with 15 L 60% ethanol with a pH adjustment to 4.0with 10% sodium carbonate, and then dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C.for 10 hours. The dried sample was then milled to a particle size of 250microns.

Sample 6 (activated/mechanical energy): 1,000 grams (dry matter) ofwater washed starting pectin-containing biomass material was activatedby contacting the material with 30 L of 60% ethanol and 100 mL of 62%nitric acid at 70° C. for 1 hour under mechanical energy of 10,800kilojoules.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated at 5,200 L/hr from a vessel(KOFA ApS, volume 25 L) through a tube heat exchanger (3 meters inlength; 6″ outer diameter; 2 inner tubes, each with a diameter of 1½″)and back to the vessel by a lobe pump (APV, CL/1/021/10) that operatedat 50 Hz.

After being activated under mechanical energy, the sample mixture wascooled to 15° C. and then was drained using a Vincent press (modelCP-4). The drained sample was then conventionally washed for 5 minutesin 30 L 60% ethanol with a pH adjustment to 4.0 using 10% sodiumcarbonate. The washed sample was then dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C.for 10 hours. The dried sample was then milled to a particle size of 250microns.

Sample 7 (non-activated/no mechanical energy): 30 grams (dry matter) ofwater washed starting pectin-containing biomass material was milled to aparticle size of 250 microns.

Sample 8 (non-activated/mechanical energy): 30 grams (dry matter) ofwater washed starting pectin-containing biomass material was suspendedin 3 L of de-ionized water and then passed through a homogenizer (APVRannie 1000 homogenizer, type 12.50, reg. no. 113, Copenhagen Denmark)twice at 300 bar to impart comparable mechanical energy to the sample,as in Sample 2. The homogenized sample was mixed with 6 L 100%isopropanol and then drained in a 60μ nylon cloth. The drained samplewas then dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours, after which thedried sample was milled to a particle size of 250 microns.

The recovery (% of soluble pectin within the sample), the intrinsicviscosity (of the pectin extracted from the sample), residual sugarcontent (% by weight of the sample), degree of esterification of thepectin in the sample (DE), degree of galacturonic acid of the sample(GA), apparent viscosity (VIS) of the sample in a 2% solution/dispersionat pH 4, and water binding capacity of the sample (grams of water/gramsof dry matter) were measured and the coil overlap parameter wascalculated. The results are summarized in the below table.

TABLE 5 Coil Residual Water Sam- Acti- Recovery IV Overlap Sugar DE GAVIS Binding ple vated ME (%) (dL/g) (dL/g) (%) (%) (%) (mPa · s) (g/g) 1Yes No 34 10 3.40 2.3 72.8 49.8 1020 n/a 2 Yes Yes 38.4 9.1 3.49 2.673.4 48.8 1810 15 3 No No 18.4 9.8 1.80 12.2 74.6 44 240 13.9 4 No Yes22.8 7.6 1.73 12.2 74.6 44 270 22.6 5 Yes No 19.5 10 1.95 0.97 67.6 4590 NA 6 Yes Yes 39.4 7.7 3.03 0.7 67.4 49.4 1188 18.3 7 No No 19.9 71.39 13.5 67.5 42.6 54 9.6 8 No Yes 23.2 6 1.39 13.5 67.5 42.6 92 12.6

As illustrated in the Table 5, the alcohol washed sample that wasactivated under mechanical energy has a higher apparent viscosity thanthe comparable sample activated without being under mechanical energy.In fact, all the samples that went under mechanical energy had a greaterapparent viscosity than the apparent viscosity of their comparable thatdid undergo mechanical energy.

Further illustrated, the samples that were subjected to mechanicalenergy also have a greater pectin recovery. This result is surprising asit was conventionally believed that exposing the startingpectin-containing biomass material to mechanical energy of greater than1,200 kilojoules per kg dry matter would break or disintegrate thematerial into a form that made separation of the activating solution,and also extraction of the pectin there from more difficult, andtherefore undesirably decrease pectin yield.

The coil overlap parameter of Sample 2 indicates that apectin-containing composition that is alcohol washed and subsequentlyactivated under mechanical energy has the greatest desirablefunctionality.

Example 2

Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methods described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 and then pressed by hand, followed by a secondconsecutive wash/press to form alcohol washed starting pectin-containingbiomass material. The dry alcohol washed starting pectin-containingbiomass material was then divided into two samples, Samples 1 and 2.

Sample 1 (alcohol washed/activated): 1,000 grams (dry matter) of alcoholwashed starting pectin-containing biomass material was activated bycontacting the material with alcohol and acid at 70° C. for 1 hour undermechanical energy of 10,800 kilojoules. The amount of acid that was usedwas selected to correspond to the amount of acid used in a dry peelextraction (0.1 mL acid/gram peel): 1000 gram dry peel, 100 mL 62%nitric acid; 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated at 5,200 L/hr from a vessel(KOFA ApS, volume 25 L) through a tube heat exchanger (3 meters inlength; 6″ outer diameter; 2 inner tubes, each with a diameter of 1½″)and back to the vessel by a lobe pump (APV, CL/1/021/10) that operatedat 50 Hz.

After being activated under mechanical energy, the sample mixture wascooled to 15° C. and then was drained using a Vincent press (modelCP-4). The drained sample was then conventionally washed twice, whereeach wash was for 5 minutes in 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol with a pHadjustment to 3.5 using 10% sodium carbonate. The washed sample was thendried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours. The dried sample wasthen milled to a particle size of 250 microns.

Sample 2 (alcohol washed/activated): Sample 2 was prepared similarly asSample 1, except that Sample 2 was activated at a temperature of 40° C.

Dry, conventional water-washed orange peel was obtained and divided intotwo samples—Samples 3 and 4.

Sample 3 (water washed/activated): 1,000 grams (dry matter) of waterwashed starting pectin-containing biomass material was activated bycontacting the material with 30 L of 60% ethanol and 100 mL of 62%nitric acid at 70° C. for 1 hour under mechanical energy of 10,800kilojoules.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated at 5,200 L/hr from a vessel(KOFA ApS, volume 25 L) through a tube heat exchanger (3 meters inlength; 6″ outer diameter; 2 inner tubes, each with a diameter of 1½″)and back to the vessel by a lobe pump (APV, CL/1/021/10) that operatedat 50 Hz.

After being activated under mechanical energy, the sample mixture wascooled to 15° C. and then was drained using a Vincent press (modelCP-4). The drained sample was then conventionally washed for 5 minutesin 30 L 60% ethanol with a pH adjustment to 4.0 using 10% sodiumcarbonate. The washed sample was then dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C.for 10 hours. The dried sample was then milled to a particle size of 250microns.

Sample 4 (water washed/activated): Sample 4 was prepared similarly asSample 3, except that Sample 4 was activated at a temperature of 40° C.

The recovery (% of soluble pectin within the sample), the intrinsicviscosity (of the pectin extracted from the sample), residual sugarcontent (% by weight of the sample), degree of esterification of thepectin in the sample (DE), degree of galacturonic acid of the sample(GA), apparent viscosity (of the solution having the sample dissolved ordispersed there through), and water binding capacity of the sample(grams of water/grams of solid matter) were measured and the coiloverlap parameter was calculated. The results are summarized in thebelow table.

TABLE 6 Coil Residual Water Recovery IV Overlap Sugar DE GA VIS BindingSample (%) (dL/g) (dL/g) (%) (%) (%) (mPa · s) (g/g) 1 38.4 9.1 3.49 2.673.4 48.8 1810 15 2 25 8.3 2.08 1.29 71.7 44 156 16.7 3 39.4 7.7 3.030.7 67.4 49.4 1188 18.3 4 28.3 8.3 2.35 0.97 68.4 45.9 266 16.2

The samples show that the functional property apparent viscosity is muchhigher in the samples that have undergone the mechanical treatment at70° C. than those that were treated at 40° C. This indicates thatprocessing the starting pectin-containing biomass material attemperatures higher than 40° C. results in material have greaterfunctionality compared to materials processed at temperatures lower than40° C.

Example 3

Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methods described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 and then pressed by hand, followed by a secondconsecutive wash/press, and then dried to form dry, alcohol washedstarting pectin-containing biomass material. The dry, alcohol washedstarting pectin-containing biomass material was then divided into twosamples—Samples 1 and 2.

Sample 1 (dry/no mechanical energy): 2,500 grams (dry matter) of alcoholwashed starting pectin-containing biomass material was activated bycontacting the material with alcohol and acid at 70° C. for 1 hourwithout being subjected to mechanical energy. The amount of acid thatwas used was selected to correspond to the amount of acid used in a drypeel extraction (0.1 mL acid/gram peel): 2500 gram dry peel, 250 mL 62%nitric acid; 20 L 60% isopropyl alcohol. After conventionallyactivating—i.e., without mechanical energy—the sample was cooled to 25°C. and was drained. The drained sample was then washed with 100 L 60%isopropyl alcohol, and then dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10hours. The dried sample was then milled to a particle size of 250microns.

Sample 2 (dry/mechanical energy): 1,000 grams (dry matter) of alcoholwashed starting pectin-containing biomass material was activated bycontacting the material with alcohol and acid at 70° C. for 1 hour undermechanical energy of 10,800 kilojoules. The amount of acid that was usedwas selected to correspond to the amount of acid used in a dry peelextraction (0.1 mL acid/gram peel): 1000 gram dry peel, 100 mL 62%nitric acid; 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated at 5,200 L/hr from a vessel(KOFA ApS, volume 25 L) through a tube heat exchanger (3 meters inlength; 6″ outer diameter; 2 inner tubes, each with a diameter of 1½″)and back to the vessel by a lobe pump (APV, CL/1/021/10) that operatedat 50 Hz.

After being activated under mechanical energy, the sample mixture wascooled to 15° C. and then was drained using a Vincent press (modelCP-4). The drained sample was then conventionally washed twice, whereeach wash was for 5 minutes in 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol with a pHadjustment to 3.5 using 10% sodium carbonate. The washed sample was thendried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours. The dried sample wasthen milled to a particle size of 250 microns.

Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methods described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 to form wet and pressed alcohol washed startingpectin-containing biomass material.

Sample 3 (wet/mechanical energy): 950 grams (dry matter) of wet andpressed alcohol washed starting pectin-containing biomass material wasactivated by contacting the material with alcohol and acid at 70° C. for1 hour under mechanical energy of 10,800 kilojoules. The amount of acidthat was used was selected to correspond to the amount of acid used in adry peel extraction (0.1 mL acid/gram peel): 1000 gram dry peel, 100 mL62% nitric acid; 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated at 5,200 L/hr from a 25 Lstainless steel vessel (no agitation) through a tube heat exchanger (3meters in length; 6″ outer diameter of 6″; 2 inner tubes, each with adiameter of 1½″) and back to the vessel by a lobe pump (APV,CL/1/021/10) that operated at 50 Hz.

After being activated under mechanical energy, the sample mixture wascooled to 15° C. and then was drained using a Vincent press (modelCP-4). The drained sample was then conventionally washed twice, whereeach wash was for 5 minutes in 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol with a pHadjustment to 3.5 using 10% sodium carbonate. The washed sample was thendried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours. The dried sample wasthen milled to a particle size of 250 microns.

The recovery (% of soluble pectin within the sample), the intrinsicviscosity (of the pectin extracted from the sample), residual sugarcontent (% by weight of the sample), degree of esterification of thepectin in the sample (DE), degree of galacturonic acid of the sample(GA), apparent viscosity (of the solution having the sample dissolved ordispersed there through), and water binding capacity of the sample(grams of water/grams of solid matter) were measured and the coiloverlap parameter was calculated. The results are summarized in thebelow table.

TABLE 7 Coil Residual Water Recovery IV Overlap Sugar DE GA VIS BindingSample (%) (dL/g) (dL/g) (%) (%) (%) (mPa.s) (g/g) SAG 1 34 10 3.40 2.372.8 49.8 1020 n/a 111 2 38.4 9.1 3.49 2.6 73.4 48.8 1810 15 122 3 50.79.1 4.61 2.1 73.5 50 3100 24.6 142

As illustrated in Table 7, the functional property apparent viscosity ismuch higher in the sample in which the starting pectin-containingbiomass material was washed, but not subsequently dried. This shows thatit may be desirable, in certain instances, to avoid drying the washedstarting pectin-containing biomass material prior to activation(contacting the starting pectin-containing biomass material with anactivating solution and subjecting the mixture to mechanical energy).Also as illustrated in the table, the functional property SAG followsthe same pattern as the functional property viscosity.

Example 4

Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methods described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 and then pressed by hand, followed by a secondconsecutive wash/press to form alcohol washed and dried startingpectin-containing biomass material.

Sample 1: 1,000 grams (dry matter) of alcohol washed startingpectin-containing biomass material was activated by contacting thematerial with alcohol and acid at 70° C. for 1 hour under mechanicalenergy of 10,800 kilojoules. The amount of acid that was used wasselected to correspond to the amount of acid used in a dry peelextraction (0.1 mL acid/gram peel): 1000 gram dry peel, 100 mL 62%nitric acid; 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated at 5,200 L/hr from a vessel(KOFA ApS, volume 25 L) through a tube heat exchanger (3 meters inlength; 6″ outer diameter; 2 inner tubes, each with a diameter of 1½″)and back to the vessel by a lobe pump (APV, CL/1/021/10) that operatedat 50 Hz.

After being activated under mechanical energy, the sample mixture wascooled to 15° C. and then was drained using a Vincent press (modelCP-4). The drained sample was then conventionally washed twice, whereeach wash was for 5 minutes in 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol with a pHadjustment to 3.5 using 10% sodium carbonate. The washed sample was thendried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours. The dried sample wasthen milled and then sifted on a 100 micron screen in order for allsamples being of same mesh size.

Sample 2: Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methodsdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 and then pressed by hand, followedby a second consecutive wash/press to form wet, alcohol washed startingpectin-containing biomass material.

950 grams (dry matter) of wet, alcohol washed starting pectin-containingbiomass material was activated by contacting the material with alcoholand acid at 70° C. for 1 hour under mechanical energy of 10,800kilojoules. The amount of acid that was used was selected to correspondto the amount of acid used in a dry peel extraction (0.1 mL acid/grampeel): 1000 gram dry peel, 100 mL 62% nitric acid; 30 L 60% isopropylalcohol.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated at 5,200 L/hr from a 25 Lstainless steel vessel (no agitation) through a tube heat exchanger (3meters in length; 6″ outer diameter of 6″; 2 inner tubes, each with adiameter of 1½″) and back to the vessel by a lobe pump (APV,CL/1/021/10) that operated at 50 Hz.

After being activated under mechanical energy, the sample mixture wascooled to 15° C. and then was drained using a Vincent press (modelCP-4). The drained sample was then conventionally washed twice, whereeach wash was for 5 minutes in 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol with a pHadjustment to 3.5 using 10% sodium carbonate. The washed sample was thendried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours. The dried sample wasthen milled and then sifted on a 100 micron screen in order for allsamples being of same mesh size

Four comparative samples were also obtained, all having been sieved on a100 micron sieve. These comparative samples were commercial citrus fiberproducts as indicated in the below table:

TABLE 8 Commerical Samples Commerical Name Commerical Batch No. C 1CitriFi 100M40 R13162M40 C 2 Herbacel AQ Plus citrus 31210020 C 3FiberGel Citrus 5100 510015M21A C 4 Ceamfibre 7000 PT52825

The recovery (% of soluble pectin within the sample), the intrinsicviscosity (of the pectin extracted from the sample), residual sugarcontent (% by weight of the sample), degree of esterification of thepectin in the sample (DE), degree of galacturonic acid of the sample(GA), apparent viscosity (of the solution having the sample dissolved ordispersed there through), water binding capacity of the sample (grams ofwater/grams of solid matter), and SAG of the sample were measured andthe coil overlap parameter was calculated. The results are summarized inthe below table.

TABLE 9 Coil Residual Water Recovery IV Overlap Sugar DE GA VIS BindingSample (%) (dL/g) (dL/g) (%) (%) (%) (mPa · s) (g/g) SAG 1 37.2 7.2 2.683.7 73.3 49.9 558 18.2 101 2 43.8 7.5 3.29 2.8 73.1 51.1 1266 24.6 128 C1 18.2 6.1 1.11 21.1 67.6 44.3 56 13.1 <<60  C 2 10.3 3.4 0.35 1.9 60.922.5 180 16.5 No gel C 3 20.9 2.7 0.56 39.6 6.6 43.8 10 8.1 No gel C 40.6 2.2 0.01 N/A 19 3.5 4 7.1 No gel

As illustrated in the Table 9, none of the comparative samples have acoil overlap parameter that is greater, and therefore, as compared toSamples 1-2, has lower functionality. Furthermore, Samples 1-2 havegreater apparent viscosity and water binding capacity, as well as,unlike the comparative samples, have the capability of gelling. Theseresults show the functional superiority of exemplary pectin-containingbiomass compositions of the present disclosure as compared toconventional pectin-containing biomass compositions.

Example 5

Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methods described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 and then pressed by hand, followed by a secondconsecutive wash/press, and then subsequently dried at 65° C. for 10hours to form dried, alcohol washed starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial (5-10% residual moisture).

Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methods described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 and then pressed by hand, followed by a secondconsecutive wash/press to form wet, alcohol washed startingpectin-containing biomass material (35-45% dry matter).

Pre-Treated Samples (Samples 1-4): For each sample, a mixture of 1,000grams (dry matter) of dried alcohol washed starting pectin-containingbiomass material and an activating solution (100 mL of 62% nitric acid:30 L 60% alcohol) underwent pre-treatment by being passed once through aBoston Shear Mill (BSM) at room temperature (model BSM-25 with a motorsize of 15 HP (11 kW) and an outlet diameter of 1″ (25 mm)). Thepre-treated mixture for each sample was then further processed. Theamount of mechanical energy imparted to Samples 1, 2, 3, and 4, by theBoston Shear Mill was calculated from the effect of the BSM and the timeto process the sample. For sample 1 and 2, the time to process the 33liters through the BSM was 125 seconds; the energy added to the samplewas 11 kW*125 seconds, or 1380 kilojoules. For samples 3 and 4 the flowwas higher and the processing time only 63 seconds, hence the energyadded was 690 kilojoules (per kg dry matter).

Sample 2 and Sample 4: For each sample, the pre-treated mixture wastransferred to a closed plastic bag and placed at 65° C. for 3-4 hourswith no mechanical input. The sample was subsequently drained, washed in20 L 80% isopropyl alcohol at pH of 4. Then the sample was drained,pressed and dried. The dried sample was then milled to a particle sizeof 250 microns.

Sample 1 and Sample 3: For each sample, the pre-treated mixture(material, alcohol, and acid) was further processed in an inator system.The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated at about 1,000 L/hr from a25 L stainless steel vessel (no agitation) through a tube heat exchanger(3 meters in length; 6″ outer diameter of 6″; 2 inner tubes, each with adiameter of 1½″) maintaining a temperature of 65° C. and back to thevessel by a lobe pump (APV, CL/1/021/10) that operated at 10 Hz for aperiod of 50 minutes (3000 seconds), including heating (15 minutes) andcooling (15 minutes).

The pump motor is 2 kW at 50 Hz; at 10 Hz the effect is only 0.4 kW; theenergy imparted to the sample 1 and 3 was 0.4 kW*3000 seconds, or 1200kilojoules (per kg dry matter).

After being activated under mechanical energy, the sample mixture wascooled to 15° C. and then was drained using a Vincent press (modelCP-4). The drained sample was then conventionally washed twice, whereeach wash was for 5 minutes in 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol with a pHadjustment to 4 using 10% sodium carbonate. The washed sample was thendried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours. The dried sample wasthen milled and then sifted on a 250 micron screen.

Non-Pretreated Samples: For each sample, a mixture of 1,000 grams (drymatter) of dried alcohol washed and an activating solution (100 mL of62% nitric acid: 30 L 60% alcohol) was processed in an inator. Themechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping of thesample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated at about 1,000 L/hr from a25 L stainless steel vessel (no agitation) through a tube heat exchanger(3 meters in length; 6″ outer diameter of 6″; 2 inner tubes, each with adiameter of 1½″) maintaining a temperature of 65° C. and back to thevessel by a lobe pump (APV, CL/1/021/10) that operated at differentfrequencies (Hz) and for different periods of time.

After being activated under mechanical energy, the sample mixture wascooled to 15° C. and then was drained using a Vincent press (modelCP-4). The drained sample was then conventionally washed twice, whereeach wash was for 5 minutes in 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol with a pHadjustment to 4 using 10% sodium carbonate. The washed sample was thendried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours. The dried sample wasthen milled and then sifted on a 250 micron screen.

The processing parameters for the non-pretreated samples are summarizedin the below table:

TABLE 10 Lobe pump speed Time including heating and Sample andcorresponding effect cooling (minutes) 5 10 Hz (0.4 kW) 50 6 20 Hz (0.8kW) 50 7 40 Hz (1.6 kW) 50 9 40 Hz (1.6 kW) 90 10 30 Hz (1.2 kW) 90

Sample 8: 1,000 (dry matter) of alcohol washed startingpectin-containing biomass material was activated by contacting thematerial with alcohol and acid at 65° C. for 3-4 hours without beingsubjected to mechanical energy. The amount of acid that was used wasselected to correspond to the amount of acid used in a dry peelextraction (0.1 mL acid/gram peel): 1,000 gram dry peel, 100 mL 62nitric acid; 30 L 60% isopropyl alcohol.

After conventionally activating—i.e., without mechanical energy—thesample was cooled to 25° C. and then was drained. The drained sample wasthen conventionally washed for 30 minutes in 30 L 80% isopropanol with apH adjustment to 4.0 using 10% sodium carbonate. The washed peel wasthen dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours. The dried samplewas then milled to a particle size of 250 microns.

The total amount of mechanical energy imparted to each sample issummarized in the below table:

TABLE 11 Sample BSM Energy (kJ) Inator Energy* (kJ) Total Energy** (kJ)1 1380 1200 2580 2 1380 0 1380 3 690 1200 1890 4 690 0 690 5 0 1200 12006 0 2400 2400 7 0 4800 4800 8 0 0 0 9 0 8640 8640 10 0 6480 6480 *InatorEnergy was calculated by the effect of the pump and the operating time**Total Energy is the summation of the BSM Energy and Inator Energy

The recovery (% of soluble pectin within the sample), the intrinsicviscosity (of the pectin extracted from the sample), degree ofesterification of the pectin in the sample (DE), apparent viscosity (ofthe solution having the sample dissolved or dispersed there through),and water binding capacity of the sample (grams of water/grams of solidmatter), were measured and the coil overlap parameter was calculated.The results are summarized in the below table.

TABLE 12 Coil Water Recovery IV Overlap DE VIS Binding Sample (%) (dL/g)(dL/g) (%) (mPa · s) (g/g)  1 28.2 8.4 2.4 66.3 583 26.7  2 19.5 9.6 1.967.9 219 20.7  3 28.6 8.2 2.3 68.4 730 24.6  4 18.3 10 1.8 68.7 238 21.7 5 25.8 8.9 2.3 69.4 439 21.5  6 29.6 8.2 2.4 69.5 573 21.2  7 26 9 2.369.6 512 22.2  8 19.1 8.8 1.7 68.8 165 15.6  9 30.4 8 2.4 69.4 628 22.410 30.4 8 2.4 69.6 691 20

As illustrated in the table, when the amount of mechanical energyimparted to the sample exceeds 1,500 kilojoules per kg dry matter, thecoil overlap parameter is greater than 2 and therefore has apparentviscosity above 500 mPas.

Example 6

Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methods described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 and then pressed by hand, followed by a secondconsecutive wash/press, to form alcohol washed startingpectin-containing biomass material.

Samples 1-3 (Heating in Inator): For each sample, a mixture of 1,000grams (dry matter) of alcohol washed, pressed peel and an activatingsolution (100 mL of 62% nitric acid: 30 L 60% alcohol) was processed inan inator.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated from a 25 L stainless steelvessel (no agitation) through a tube heat exchanger (3 meters in length;6″ outer diameter of 6″; 2 inner tubes, each with a diameter of 1½″)maintaining a temperature of 70° C. and back to the vessel by a lobepump (APV, CL/1/021/10) that operated at 40 Hz (Sample 1) for a periodof 50 minutes (3000 seconds), including heating and cooling; 40 Hz(Sample 2) for a period of 90 minutes (5400 seconds), including heatingand cooling; 50 Hz (Sample 3) for a period of 50 minutes (3000 seconds),including heating and cooling.

The drained sample was then conventionally washed for 30 minutes in 30 L80% isopropanol with a pH adjustment to 4.0 using 10% sodium carbonate.The washed peel was then dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours.The dried sample was then milled to a particle size of 250 microns.

Samples 4-9 (Heating after Inator): For each sample, a mixture of 1,000grams (dry matter) of alcohol washed, pressed peel and an activatingsolution (100 mL of 62% nitric acid: 30 L 60% alcohol) was processed inan inator as described under samples 1-3 but the process was run at 25°C. and the pump was operating at 50 Hz. The samples 4-6 were all treatedfor a period of 20 minutes (1200 seconds) and the samples 7-9 weretreated for a period of 60 minutes (3600 seconds) After the Inatortreatment, the mixture was separated into peel and the activatingsolution. The activating solution was heated to 70° C. in a stirredvessel and the peel was added into the vessel. The heating time at 70°C. was 5 minutes (sample 4), 20 minutes (sample 5) and 60 minutes(sample 6), 5 minutes (sample 7), 20 minutes (sample 8), and 60 minutes(sample 9).

The drained sample was then conventionally washed for 30 minutes in 30 L80% isopropanol with a pH adjustment to 4.0 using 10% sodium carbonate.The washed peel was then dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours.The dried sample was then milled to a particle size of 250 microns.

The recovery (% of soluble pectin within the sample), the intrinsicviscosity (of the pectin extracted from the sample), degree ofesterification of the pectin in the sample (DE), apparent viscosity (ofthe solution having the sample dissolved or dispersed there through),and water binding capacity of the sample (grams of water/grams of solidmatter), were measured and the coil overlap parameter was calculated.The results are summarized in the below table.

TABLE 13 Recovery IV Coil Overlap DE Water Binding Sample (%) (dL/g)(dL/g) (%) (g/g) 1 32.42 8.82 2.86 70.2 17.8 2 38.06 8.23 3.13 69.3 20.33 33.84 8.72 2.95 69.4 18.2 4 26.23 10.43 2.74 70.6 17.1 5 29.79 9.462.82 69.5 18.1 6 38.25 8.24 3.15 70 21.3 7 27.79 8.77 2.44 67.6 18.4 831.81 8.91 2.83 70.5 16.6 9 30.97 9.17 2.84 70.5 15.8

As illustrated in the above table, the functionality of the resultingactivated pectin-containing biomass composition is not necessarilyaffected by whether the mixture of starting pectin-containing biomassmaterial and activating solution is heated during or subsequent tosubjecting the mixture to mechanical energy. Thus, suitable activatedpectin-containing biomass compositions may be provided irrespective ofwhen the mixture is heated, i.e., either during or after mechanicalenergy treatment.

Example 7

Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methods described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 and then pressed by hand, followed by a secondconsecutive wash/press and drying, to form dry alcohol washed startingpectin-containing biomass material.

For each sample, a mixture of 1,000 grams (95% dry matter) of alcoholwashed, dry peel and an activating solution (150 mL of 62% nitric acid:30 L 60% alcohol) was processed in an inator.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated from a 25 L stainless steelvessel (no agitation) through a tube heat exchanger (3 meters in length;6″ outer diameter of 6″; 2 inner tubes, each with a diameter of 1½″)maintaining a temperature of 55° C. (Sample 1), 65° C. (Sample 2), or75° C. (Sample 3), and back to the vessel by a lobe pump (APV,CL/1/021/10) that operated at 50 Hz for a period of 30 minutes.

The drained sample was then conventionally washed for 30 minutes in 30 L80% isopropanol with a pH adjustment to 4.0 using 10% sodium carbonate.The washed peel was then dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours.The dried sample was then milled to a particle size of 250 microns.

The recovery (% of soluble pectin within the sample), the intrinsicviscosity (of the pectin extracted from the sample), degree ofesterification of the pectin in the sample (DE), apparent viscosity (ofthe solution having the sample dissolved or dispersed there through),and water binding capacity of the sample (grams of water/grams of solidmatter), were measured and the coil overlap parameter was calculated.The results are summarized in the below table.

TABLE 14 Coil Water IV Recovery Overlap DE VIS Binding Sample (dL/g) (%)(dl/g) (%) (mPa · s) (g/g) 1 7.1 30.4 2.16 67.4 196 16.6 2 6.5 36.1 2.3566.2 276 16.6 3 6.1 41.9 2.56 66.1 353 22.0

As illustrated in the above table, the functionality of the resultingactivated pectin-containing biomass composition is affected by thetemperature of the activation. At higher temperature of activations, IVtends to decrease, while recovery, coil overlap, apparent viscosity andwater binding tend to increase. DE remains practically constant.

Example 8

Fresh orange peel was washed in alcohol using the methods described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,323,513 and then pressed by hand, followed by a secondconsecutive wash/press, to form alcohol washed startingpectin-containing biomass material.

For each sample, a mixture of 1,000 grams (dry matter) of alcoholwashed, pressed peel and an activating solution containing differentconcentrations of 62% nitric acid in 30 L 60% alcohol, and processed inan inator.

The mechanical energy was induced by constant recirculation pumping ofthe sample mixture (material, alcohol, and acid)—more particularly, thesample mixture was continuously recirculated from a 25 L stainless steelvessel (no agitation) through a tube heat exchanger (3 meters in length;6″ outer diameter of 6″; 2 inner tubes, each with a diameter of 1½″)maintaining a temperature from 55-75° C., and back to the vessel by alobe pump (APV, CL/1/021/10) that operated at 40-50 Hz for a period of5-60 minutes.

The drained sample was then conventionally washed for 30 minutes in 30 L80% isopropanol with a pH adjustment to 4.0 using 10% sodium carbonate.The washed peel was then dried in a heat cabinet at 65° C. for 10 hours.The dried sample was then milled to a particle size of 250 microns.

The recovery (% of soluble pectin within the sample), the intrinsicviscosity (of the pectin extracted from the sample), degree ofesterification of the pectin in the sample (DE), and water bindingcapacity of the sample (grams of water/grams of solid matter) weremeasured and the coil overlap parameter was calculated. The results aresummarized in the below tables with respect to the effect of acid,temperature, energy input and treatment time.

TABLE 15 Acid Coil Water (ml/kg Temp Time Energy IV Recovery Overlap DEBinding Sample DM) (° C.) (min) (kJ) (dl/g) (%) (dl/g) (%) (g/g) 1 15075 15 1800 7.9 35.0 2.8 69.8 21.7 2 150 75 60 7200 7.4 39.0 2.9 68.320.9

At fixed acid concentration and temperature with varying treatment timeas shown in Table 15, IV tends to be somewhat reduced with longertreatment time, recovery tends to increase somewhat with longertreatment time, coil overlap remains practically constant independent oftreatment time, and DE and water binding remain practically constant.

TABLE 16 Acid Coil Water (ml/kg Temp Time Energy IV Recovery Overlap DEBinding Sample DM) (° C.) (min) (kJ) (dl/g) (%) (dl/g) (%) (g/g) 3 10070 20 1920 8.8 32.4 2.9 70.2 17.8 4 100 70 60 5760 8.2 38.1 3.1 69.320.3 5 100 70 20 2400 8.7 33.8 3.0 69.4 18.2

At a lower acid concentration and a lower temperature with varyingtreatment times as shown in Table 16 as compared to Table 15, IV tendsto be somewhat reduced with longer treatment time, recovery tends toincrease somewhat with longer treatment time, coil overlap remainspractically constant independent of treatment time, and DE remainspractically constant. However, water binding tends to increase withincreasing treatment time.

TABLE 17 Acid Coil Water (ml/kg Temp Time Energy IV Recovery Overlap DEBinding Sample DM) (° C.) (min) (kJ) (dl/g) (%) (dl/g) (%) (g/g) 6 15065  5  600 7.3 32.9 2.4 67.1 19.0 7 150 65 30 3600 7.5 38.5 2.9 68.119.0 8 150 65 60 7200 7.2 42.4 3.1 66.7 20.1

At a constant acid concentration and a constant low treatmenttemperature with varying treatment times as shown in Table 17, IVremains pretty constant with treatment times in the range 5-60 minutes,recovery increases with increasing treatment time, coil overlapincreases with increasing treatment time, and DE and water binding arepractically constant.

TABLE 18 Acid Coil Water (ml/kg Temp Time Energy IV Recovery Overlap DEBinding Sample DM) (° C.) (min) (kJ) (dl/g) (%) (dl/g) (%) (g/g)  9 25055 5 600 7.9 30.8 2.4 67 18.6 10 250 55 60 7200 7.2 37.9 2.7 65 19.1

At a higher acid concentration and even lower treatment temperature withvarying treatment time as shown in Table 18, IV tends to decrease withshort treatment time, recovery tends to increase with increasingtreatment time, coil overlap tends to increase with increasing treatmenttime, and DE and water binding remain practically constant withtreatment times in the range 5-60 minutes.

TABLE 19 Acid Coil Water (ml/kg Temp Time Energy IV Recovery Overlap DEBinding Sample DM) (° C.) (min) (kJ) (dl/g) (%) (dl/g) (%) (g/g) 11 5065 30 3600 10.1 22.1 2.2 68.9 13.7 12 150 65 30 3600 7.6 36.9 2.8 67.119.9 13 250 65 30 3600 7.0 41.2 2.9 65.7 19.7

At constant temperature and treatment time with increasing acidconcentration as shown in Table 19, IV is reduced, the recovery isincreased, the coil overlap is increased, DE is reduced, and waterbinding is increased.

Thus, these results show that one can change acid concentration,treatment temperature and treatment time to provide a number of optionsto optimize the treatment of the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition.

The acid concentration is in the range of 50-250 ml 62% nitric acid perkg dry matter, preferably in the range of 100-250 ml 62% nitric acid perkg dry matter, and more preferably 150-250 ml 62% nitric acid per kg drymatter.

The treatment temperature is in the range 55-75° C., preferably 65-75°C. and more preferably 70-75° C.

The treatment time is in the range 5-60 minutes, preferably 15-60minutes and more preferably 20-60 minutes.

The ideal combination is an acid concentration 150 ml of 62% nitric acid(concentrated nitric acid) per kg dry matter, a treatment temperature of70° C. and a treatment time of 15 minutes, and if a lower temperature iswished, a higher acid concentration can be applied.

Example 9

This example demonstrates the use of different startingpectin-containing biomass materials and the resulting properties of theactivated pectin-containing biomass compositions, which can be used asstarting materials for the pectin extraction process.

Apples were pressed. To the pressed pomace was added 63% isopropanol andthe pomace was then washed for 5 minutes and pressed. One sample waswashed another time in 80% isopropanol, pressed and dried in the dryingcabinet. For the other sample, in the Inator was mixed 1 kg dry matterof pressed apple pomace with 24 kg of 60% isopropanol. 100 mLconcentrated nitric acid was added per kg dry matter. It was activatedat 70° C. for 60 minutes while circulating over the small Lobe pump.After activation, the pomace was pressed. Then it was washed in 60%isopropanol and pressed. Then it was washed in 80% isopropanol andpressed and dried.

Jerusalem artichokes were pressed. To the pressed pomace was added 63%isopropanol and the pomace was then washed for 5 minutes and pressed.One sample was washed another time in 80% isopropanol, pressed and driedin the drying cabinet. For the other sample, in the Inator was mixed 1kg dry matter of pressed apple pomace with 24 kg of 60% isopropanol. 100mL concentrated nitric acid was added per kg dry matter. It wasactivated at 70° C. for 60 minutes while circulating over the small Lobepump. After activation, the pomace was pressed. Then it was washed in60% isopropanol and pressed. Then it was washed in 80% isopropanol andpressed and dried.

Oranges were pressed. To the pressed peel was added 63% isopropanol andthe peel was then washed for 5 minutes and pressed. One sample waswashed another time in 80% isopropanol, pressed and dried in the dryingcabinet. For the other sample, in the Inator was mixed 1 kg DM ofpressed orange peel with 24 kg of 60% isopropanol. 100 mL concentratednitric acid was added per kg dry matter. It was activated at 70° C. for60 minutes while circulating over the small Lobe pump. After activation,the peel was pressed. Then it was washed in 60% isopropanol and pressed.Then it was washed in 80% isopropanol and pressed and dried.

Sugar beet cossettes from the sugar extraction were selected. To thecossettes were added 63% isopropanol and washed for 5 minutes andpressed. One sample was washed another time in 80% isopropanol, pressedand dried in the drying cabinet. For the other sample, in the Inator wasmixed 1 kg DM of pressed cossettes with 27 kg of 60% isopropanol. 100 mLconcentrated nitric acid was added per kg dry matter. It was activatedat 70° C. for 60 minutes while circulating over the small Lobe pump.After activation, the cossettes were pressed. Then they were washed in60% isopropanol and pressed. Then they were washed in 80% isopropanoland pressed and dried.

TABLE 20 Specific Specific energy Total energy Coil Sam- (kJ/kg mixture(kJ/kg DE Recovery IV overlap ple Description DM) (kg) mixture) (%) (%)(dl/g) (dl/g) 1 Apple 10800 27 400 77.4 3.0 14.5 0.4 2 Activated apple10800 27 400 76.9 14.8 12.1 1.8 3 Jerusalem Artichoke 10800 27 400 54.89.1 1.3 0.1 4 Activated Jerusalem 10800 27 400 56.8 22.2 5.5 1.2Artichoke 5 Orange 10800 27 400 70.2 15 7.8 1.2 6 Activated orange 1080027 400 68.9 39 7.5 2.9 7 Beet 10800 30 360 54.1 1.7 2.9 0.05 8 Activatedbeet 10800 30 360 54.4 15.0 3.3 0.5

Similar patterns were found for of all raw materials tested, i.e. thepectin is made soluble in situ by the activation process. Both therecovery as the coil overlap parameter are several time higher than thecorresponding alcohol washed sample without the activation. Activatedapple, which is a fruit shows COP close to 2, whereas activatedvegetables like Jerusalem Artichoke and activated sugar beet show COP inthe range 0.5 to 1.2. Activated orange (citrus) shows the highest COPbeing greater than 2.

The pectin-containing biomass compositions containing the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition having both soluble and insolublefiber components may be used in many applications, including but notlimited to savory products such as soups, sauces and dressings; foodsupplements; and prebiotics for animal feed. The water holding capacityof the insoluble fiber component facilitates the use of the activatedpectin-containing biomass compositions as a liquid absorbent in, forinstance, disposable diapers and female hygiene products such assanitary napkins and panty liners. The soluble pectin component in theactivated pectin-containing biomass compositions make them useful in thesame applications as extracted pectin, for instance, as disclosed inEuropean Patent No. 1812120B1. By combining the properties of thesoluble pectin component to neutralize ammonia and thus eliminate badodor and the insoluble fiber component to absorb liquid, the activatedpectin-containing biomass compositions are also useful in cat litter toabsorb liquid and to neutralize ammonia. Additionally, the activatedpectin-containing biomass compositions are useful as the startingmaterial for extraction process to make pectin.

Various aspects of the methods for producing an activatedpectin-containing biomass composition and an activated pectin-containingcomposition include the following:

Aspect 1

Method for producing an activated pectin-containing biomass composition,the method comprising:

A) mixing a starting pectin-containing biomass material comprising aninsoluble fiber component and an insoluble protopectin component with anaqueous solution of an alcohol to form a mixture;

B) activating the starting pectin-containing biomass material to form anactivated pectin-containing biomass material comprising the insolublefiber component and a soluble pectin component by subjecting thestarting pectin-containing biomass material to (i) an activatingsolution formed by adding acid to the mixture to adjust the pH of themixture within the range from at or about 0.5 to at or about 2.5 and(ii) heat to a temperature greater than at or about 40 degrees Celsius;

C) applying mechanical energy either (i) to the mixture of step A), (ii)during the activating of step B), or (iii) to the mixture of step A) andduring the activating of step B); and

D) separating the activated pectin-containing biomass composition fromthe mixture; wherein during the method the alcohol present in themixture is at or greater than about 40 weight percent based on the totalpercent of the mixture.

Aspect 2

The method according to aspect 1, wherein applying mechanical energy instep C) further comprises reducing the starting pectin-containingbiomass material in the mixture to its fibrous structure.

Aspect 3

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects, whereinsubstantially none of the soluble pectin component is extracted from thestarting pectin-containing biomass material.

Aspect 4

The method according to according to any one of the preceding aspects,wherein applying mechanical energy in step C) is made by at least one ofthe following group: a pump, a plate refiner, a disc refiner, anextruder, a lobe pump, and a centrifugal pump.

Aspect 5

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein themechanical energy is at or about 800 kilojoules or greater per kilogramdry matter of the starting pectin-containing biomass material or at orabout 36 kilojoules or greater per kilogram of the mixture.

Aspect 6

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition has a coil overlapparameter of at or about 2.0 or greater.

Aspect 7

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects, whereinsubjecting to heat is within the temperature range of from at or about60 to at or about 80 degrees Celsius for a time period within the rangefrom at or about 15 to at or about 60 minutes.

Aspect 8

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein stepD) further comprises adjusting the pH of the activated pectin-containingbiomass composition to a range from at or about 3.5 to at or about 4.5.

Aspect 9

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein themechanical energy is at or about 1200 kilojoules or greater per kilogramdry matter of the starting pectin-containing biomass material or at orabout 40 kilojoules or greater per kilogram of the mixture.

Aspect 10

The method according to aspect 9, wherein the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition has a coil overlap parameter of ator about 2.3 or greater.

Aspect 11

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein themechanical energy is at or about 1900 kilojoules or greater per kilogramdry matter of the starting pectin-containing biomass material or at orabout 60 kilojoules or greater per kilogram of the mixture.

Aspect 12

The method according to aspect 11, wherein the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition has a coil overlap parameter of ator about 2.5 or greater.

Aspect 13

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects, furthercomprising drying, milling or both drying and milling the separatedactivated pectin-containing biomass composition.

Aspect 14

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein thestarting pectin-containing biomass material in step A) is obtained fromcitrus fruit.

Aspect 15

The method according to aspect 14, wherein the starting pectincontaining biomass material is an alcohol washed citrus peel.

Aspect 16

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects 14-15, whereinthe activated pectin-containing biomass composition comprises both acoil overlap parameter of at or about 2 or greater and a degree ofesterification of the soluble pectin component of at or about 60 percentor higher.

Aspect 17

The method according to any one of the preceding aspects 14-16, whereinthe activated pectin-containing biomass composition comprises one ormore properties of the following group: an apparent viscosity from at orabout 150 mPa·s to at or about 3500 mPa·s when measured in aqueoussolution at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and pH 4.0 using aBrookfield Viscometer, a water binding capacity from at or about 14 g/gto at or about 27 g/g, the soluble pectin component present in an amountfrom at or about 20% to at or about 45% by weight of the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition, and a pH from at or about 2.5 toat or about 5.5.

Aspect 18

An activated pectin-containing biomass composition obtained from citrusfruit, comprising:

-   -   an insoluble fiber component comprising cellulosic material; and        a soluble pectin component comprising readily soluble pectin;    -   wherein the activated pectin-containing biomass composition has        a coil overlap parameter of at or about 2 or greater.

Aspect 19

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition according to aspect18, wherein the insoluble fiber component and the soluble pectincomponent form an open structure allowing liquid to access the readilysoluble pectin.

Aspect 20

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition according to any oneof the preceding aspects 18-19, wherein the activated pectin-containingbiomass composition comprises at or about 80 to at or about 55 weightpercent insoluble fiber component and at or about 20 to at or about 45weight percent soluble pectin component.

Aspect 21

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition according to any oneof the preceding aspects 18-20, wherein a degree of esterification ofthe soluble pectin component is at or about 60 percent or higher.

Aspect 22

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition according to any ofthe preceding aspects 18-20, wherein the coil overlap parameter is at orabout 2.3 or greater.

Aspect 23

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition according to any ofthe preceding aspects 18-20, wherein the coil overlap parameter is at orabout 2.5 or greater.

Aspect 24

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition according to any oneof the preceding aspects 18-24, wherein the activated pectin-containingbiomass composition comprises one or more properties of the followinggroup: an apparent viscosity from at or about 150 mPa·s to at or about3500 mPa·s when measured in aqueous solution at a temperature of 25degrees Celsius and pH 4.0 using a Brookfield Viscometer, a waterbinding capacity from at or about 14 g/g to at or about 27 g/g, thesoluble pectin component present in an amount from at or about 20% to ator about 45% by weight of the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition, and a pH from at or about 2.5 to at or about 5.5.

Aspect 25

An activated pectin-containing biomass composition, comprising:

an insoluble fiber component comprising cellulosic material; and

a soluble pectin component comprising readily soluble pectin;

wherein the activated pectin-containing biomass composition (i) isobtained from a starting pectin-containing biomass material selectedfrom apple, Jerusalem artichoke, or beet, (ii) has a coil overlapparameter within the range of at or about 0.5 to at or about 2.0, (iii)and has a coil overlap parameter at least about 300 percent greater thanthat of a coil overlap parameter of the starting pectin-containingbiomass material.

Aspect 26

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition according to any ofthe preceding aspects 18-25, being a food ingredient.

Aspect 27

The activated pectin-containing biomass composition, according to any ofthe preceding aspects 18-25, used as a starting material for extractingpectin.

Aspect 28

A product comprising the activated pectin-containing biomass compositionderived from the method of any one of the preceding aspects 1-17, orcomprising the activated pectin-containing biomass composition accordingto aspect any one of the preceding aspects 18-26.

We claim:
 1. An activated pectin-containing biomass composition obtainedfrom citrus fruit, comprising: an insoluble fiber component comprisingcellulosic material; and a soluble pectin component comprising readilysoluble pectin; wherein the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition has: a coil overlap parameter of at or about 2 or greater,and an apparent viscosity from at or about 150 mPa·s to at or about 3500mPa·s when measured in an aqueous solution at a temperature of 25degrees Celsius and pH 4.0 using a Brookfield Viscometer.
 2. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 1,wherein the insoluble fiber component and the soluble pectin componentform an open structure allowing liquid to access the readily solublepectin.
 3. The activated pectin-containing biomass composition accordingto claim 1, wherein the composition comprises at or about 80 to at orabout 55 weight percent insoluble fiber component and at or about 20 toat or about 45 weight percent soluble pectin component.
 4. The activatedpectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 1, wherein adegree of esterification of the soluble pectin component is at or about60 percent or higher.
 5. The activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition according to claim 1, wherein the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition comprises one or more propertiesof the following group: a water binding capacity from at or about 14 g/gto at or about 27 g/g, the soluble pectin component present in an amountfrom at or about 20% to at or about 45% by weight of the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition, and a pH from at or about 2.5 toat or about 5.5.
 6. An activated pectin-containing biomass compositioncomprising: an insoluble fiber component comprising cellulosic material;and a soluble pectin component comprising readily soluble pectin;wherein the activated pectin-containing biomass composition (i) isobtained from a starting pectin-containing biomass material selectedfrom apple, Jerusalem artichoke, or beet, (ii) has a coil overlapparameter within the range of at or about 0.5 to at or about 2.0, and(iii) has a coil overlap parameter that is at least about 300 percentgreater than that of a coil overlap parameter of the startingpectin-containing biomass material.
 7. The activated pectin-containingbiomass composition according to claim 6, being a food ingredient. 8.The activated pectin-containing biomass composition according to claim6, used as a starting material for extracting pectin.
 9. A productcomprising the activated pectin-containing biomass composition accordingto claim
 6. 10. The activated pectin-containing biomass compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein the coil overlap parameter is at or about2 to at or about 4.5.
 11. A product comprising the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition according to claim
 10. 12. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 1,wherein the citrus fruit comprises alcohol washed citrus peels.
 13. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 12,wherein the composition: has a coil overlap parameter of at or about 2to at or about 4.5; and comprises from at or about 20 to at or about 45weight percent soluble pectin component.
 14. The activatedpectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 1, wherein thecitrus fruit comprises orange peels, lemon peels, lime peels, grapefruitpeels, tangerine peels, or any combination thereof.
 15. The activatedpectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 14, wherein thecomposition: has a coil overlap parameter of at or about 2 to at orabout 4.5; and comprises from at or about 20 to at or about 45 weightpercent soluble pectin component.
 16. A product comprising the activatedpectin-containing biomass composition according to claim
 15. 17. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 15,wherein a degree of esterification of the soluble pectin component is ator about 60 percent to at or about 74 percent.
 18. The activatedpectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 14, wherein thecomposition: has a coil overlap parameter of at or about 2.3 to at orabout 3.5; has an apparent viscosity from at or about 500 mPa·s to at orabout 3100 mPa·s when measured in an aqueous solution at a temperatureof 25 degrees Celsius and pH 4.0 using a Brookfield Viscometer; andcomprises from at or about 30 to at or about 45 weight percent solublepectin component.
 19. The activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition according to claim 6, wherein the composition comprises ator about 14 to at or about 23 weight percent soluble pectin component.20. The activated pectin-containing biomass composition according toclaim 6, wherein a degree of esterification of the soluble pectincomponent is at or about 54 percent to at or about 77 percent.
 21. Anactivated pectin-containing biomass composition obtained from citrusfruit, comprising: an insoluble fiber component comprising cellulosicmaterial; and a soluble pectin component comprising readily solublepectin; wherein the activated pectin-containing biomass composition has:a coil overlap parameter of at or about 2 or greater, and a waterbinding capacity from at or about 14 g/g to at or about 27 g/g.
 22. Theactivated pectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 21,wherein the coil overlap parameter is at or about 2 to at or about 4.5.23. A product comprising the activated pectin-containing biomasscomposition according to claim
 22. 24. The activated pectin-containingbiomass composition according to claim 22, wherein: the citrus fruitcomprises alcohol washed citrus peels; the composition comprises from ator about 20 to at or about 45 weight percent soluble pectin component;and a degree of esterification of the soluble pectin component is at orabout 60 percent to at or about 74 percent.
 25. The activatedpectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 22, wherein thecitrus fruit comprises orange peels, lemon peels, lime peels, grapefruitpeels, tangerine peels, or any combination thereof.
 26. The activatedpectin-containing biomass composition according to claim 25, wherein thecomposition comprises from at or about 30 to at or about 45 weightpercent soluble pectin component.
 27. The activated pectin-containingbiomass composition according to claim 25, wherein composition: has acoil overlap parameter of at or about 2.3 to at or about 3.5; has anapparent viscosity from at or about 500 mPa·s to at or about 3100 mPa·swhen measured in an aqueous solution at a temperature of 25 degreesCelsius and pH 4.0 using a Brookfield Viscometer; and comprises from ator about 20 to at or about 45 weight percent soluble pectin component.